Cold War pattern of conflicts and its influence on international Dissertation

Cold War pattern of conflicts and its influence on international relations in the context of Vietnam War - Dissertation Example ‘Domino Effect’ was stated in viewing Russia’s increasing influence over the South East Asian regions, which was taken by America as a major threat against it (Kane, 2006, pp. 101-102). The Cold War was the most significant diplomatic concern in the post war era. The beginning of the cold war made the European countries from a dispute between them in supporting the capitalist and communist regimes. This dispute between the European nations culminated into the division of the European continent into two ideological factions. Marshall Plan, which was developed by John Marshall during 1947, signified America’s economic cooperation to develop the European continent and form a reunion. The plan signified America’s continuous interests in political, strategic and economic interests over Western Europe (Northrup, 2003, p.177). President Truman during 1947 passed his doctrine which proclaimed Cold War with the Communist regions of the world along with Soviet Russia. This anti-communist program of President Truman observed as a global policy for maintaining security targeted the communist nations as plausible threat towards obstructing America’s dominion over the East Asian countries (Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, & Gerstle, 2007, pp.1012-1013). The tension and competition between the two countries United States and Russia gained ground along their nuclear and space programs. America and Russia focused on enhancing their space technology programs to further strengthen their security dynamism and gaining political and strategic advantage. Both the countries started specializing on the development of rockets and spaceships to gain supremacy in outer space (Sagdeev & Eisenhower, 2008). In the field of nuclear technology the two countries also contested heavily with the discovery of atomic materials. America was found opposing the Soviet stands in gaining supremacy over entering into new atomic areas and discoveries (Crockatt, 1996, p. 57). The Cold War conflicts between the superpower nations belonging to the Communist and Western powers accumulated to the spreading of war in the Korean and Vietnamese territory. Russian attacks on South Korea were heavily counteracted by the American troops through the sending of required resources to the newly independent colonies, which were under French rule. United States government in their move to restrict the ascension of Russian troops to gain control over South Korea strongly conducted the opposition, which resulted in heavy combat. United States also took a firm stand of restricting Communist factions from gaining their stand in the Vietnamese regions. The government of America took control of the Southern region of Vietnam and defended further Communist aggression (Wouri, 2000). Further the region of South East Asia reflected conflicts between countries like Russia, United States and China. The end of the Cold War period led to the downfall of Russia and the rise of Un ited States to gain supremacy over the East Asian region. The period of Cold War also led to the emergence of China as a regional power through the increased collaboration of United States. Both countries United States and China however helped each other in removing Russia and gaining dominance over South East Asia (Ross, 2009, p.47). The paper attempts to find out how

The Third Man Analysis

The Third Man Analysis According to the Internet Movie Database (imdb.com), 1949s The Third Man is the only non-American film to have made the American Film Institutes top 100 films of all time, and ranks number one in the British Film Institutes BFI 100, a similar list compiled in 1999. The Third Man was not only well-regarded decades after its release, but was a commercial and critical success in its own era. What is so special about this film? The creative talent involved with The Third Man was considerable, as was the creative tension between them. The co-producer was legendarily difficult mogul David O. Selznick, a micromanager extraordinaire whose other film triumphs included back-to-back Academy Award winning films Gone with the Wind (1939) and Rebecca (1940). The other producer, and the director, was Carol Reed (a man), equally as stubborn as Selznick, and a talent cited by no less than director Steven Spielberg as an influence. The screenwriter was Graham Greene, a former spy and acclaimed novelist who had nearly all of his books made into films. The Third Man was developed by Reed and Greene from a single sentence scribbled down by Greene: I had paid my last farewell to Harry a week ago, when his coffin was lowered into the frozen February ground, so that it was with incredulity that I saw him pass by, without a sign of recognition, amongst a host of strangers in the Strand. (Newley, 2004) Reed and Selznick fought every step of the way, and Orson Welles, whom Reed insisted to play Harry Lime, the central mystery figure to the film, was his usual temperamental yet brilliant self. Though selfishly refusing to complete some of the sewer scenes which appear at the films end, Welles also was responsible for writing what is arguably the films best speech and perhaps one of the best speeches in movie history in Italy for 30 years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love they had 500 years of demo cracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock. Greene himself both conceded Welles authorship of this dialogue and its brilliance, no small gesture for an author of unparalleled brilliance himself. Beyond the remarkable power generated by the creative tension between the films key players was the content of the narrative itself. Far from being a simple-minded portrayal of good vs. evil and good people vs. evil people, like so many films of the World War II era, The Third Man was fearlessly ambiguous and complex in its morality. Harry Lime, who summons his best friend (a mediocre Western novelist) Holly Martins to Vienna ostensibly for a writing job is revered by both Martins and Limes girlfriend Anna Schmidt. Lime turns out to have been a completely selfish cretin, who cared little for Anna and who intended to use Martins in his racketeering scheme to sell watered-down penicillin on the Austrian black market. (The one exception is the fact that Lime obtains for Anna a forged passport to prevent her repatriation to Communist Czechoslovakia by the Russians.) Nonetheless, Anna is unable to stop loving Harry Lime, and Holly Martins only turns on Lime after a British major takes M artins to a pediatric ward and shows him children who are dead or suffering because of Limes racket. Even Martins redemption is flawed, as by films end he has fallen in love with and made a play for his best friends girl.However, Anna coldly rejects him in a stunning sequence at films end that went completely counter to the conventional wisdom of the time that demanded a happy ending. As witty, stylized, and cool as the narrative and dialogue are reminiscent of Casablanca the narrative itself reflects a rather bleak and paranoid sense of post World War II psychology. Just as the main characters themselves are morally complex or flawed, the narrative itself including the setting of Vienna paints a picture of a universe where the locus points of good and evil are difficult to find and loyalties are blurred and conflicting. The Third Man is a window into the future of the Cold War, where global conflicts between good and evil were to be played out on local stages by players who have little practical use themselves for the notions of good and evil. Director Carol Reed emphasized the lurking sense of paranoia and betrayal possibly waiting around any corner by the remarkable use of lighting most notably, stark shadows and a plethora of odd, oblique camera angles. One of the most famous entrances in movie history in Orson Welles first appearance as Harry Lime in the fi lm two-thirds of the way through the story, though he is referenced in virtually every scene up to this point. Lime is hiding in the shadows across the street from Martins. All that is initially visible are Limes shoes and Annas cat, which she mentioned in passing was fond of Lime. A neighbor across the way hears Martins yelling after the elusive Lime, and turns on her bedroom light. In a flash, it illuminates Limes face perfectly, and Welles delivers a telltale smirk/grin before disappearing into the night again. (Anton Karas zither music, which Reed insisted upon using over Selznicks wishes for an upbeat score, help round out the stylized grimness that permeates the film.) In a way, Harry Lime embodies the idealistic faith human beings place in institutions, in loved ones, in friendships, in straightforward black-and-white paradigms of morality. The unraveling of his mystique and the heartbreaking reveal of his amoral spiritual core reflected the stark truths of the World War which had just ended, and the Cold War which was to come both great struggles between great competing ideologies who promised much in exchange for allegiances, but failed to deliver. The Anna Schmidts and Holly Martins of the world were left only with each other, and even those tenuous bonds were often of little use. Even the title of this film, The Third Man, suggests a way of thinking that rejects the notion of binary oppositions, i.e., only one of two choices, and demanded that the audience accept a world far more morally complex than they were used to living. Beyond being a film that succeeds in the realms of pure entertainment, The Third Man succeeds in this deeper thematic manner as well.

Thomas Jefferson Essays -- essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. His terms lasted from the year 1801 to the year 1809. Jefferson was an American revolutionary leader as well as an influential political philosopher. Jefferson was among a group of the most brilliant Americans that resulted from the Enlightenment in Europe. Possibly one of the best writers during his time, Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson ¡Ã‚ ¦s status as a Virginia aristocrat gave him the two most important things to become an educated man, which was a difficult thing to become during that time. Those two things, time and the resources, allowed him to educate himself in history, literature, law, architecture, science, and philosophy. He also had a great deal of influence on his ideals that came directly from the European culture and thought because he had been a diplomat and friend of French and British intellectuals. Jefferson was born on the thirteenth day of April of the year 1743 at Shadwell in Goochland (now in Albemarle) Co., Virginia, which was at the time considered a western outpost and was to remain as Jefferson ¡Ã‚ ¦s lifelong home. He was the son of Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph Jefferson. His father, Peter, was a surveyor, a cartographer, and a plantation owner and he was also largely self-educated. His mother, Jane was from the prominent Rudolph family of colonial Virginia. Jefferson ¡Ã‚ ¦s intense interest in botany, geology, cartography, North American exploration, and love of Greek and Latin are due largely from his father and his surrounding environment out in the west where he also absorbed the democratic views of his Western countrymen. For several years, Jefferson studied at the local grammar and classical schools. After that, he entered the College of William and Mary in the year 1760. During his time at the college, he had become a close friend to three prominent residents of Williamsburg: William Small, George Wythe, and Francis Fauquier who was the lieutenant governor of the colony. Small was of the college faculty who Jefferson had studied under. Small had an in depth knowledge of the Scottish Englightenment and its approach to law, history, philosophy, and science. He had also introduced him to the natural sciences and to rational methods of inquiry. Wythe was of the Virginia bar. ... ...ge. Interest payments from the final settlement finally made the total price $27,267,622. Despite the scruples that Jefferson had about the purchase being constitutional or not, his other fears that Napoleon would change his mind because of Livingston ¡Ã‚ ¦s reports and from the overwhelming public approval of the Louisiana Purchase, except for most of New England, eventually overcame him and he approved. After the United States Senate ratified the treaty in October of that same year, the flag of the United States was raised over New Orleans on the twentieth of December. Even though the United States had purchased a great deal of land, it was still unclear. The wording of the treaty was vague and the boundaries were not clearly described. Also, the fact that the United States was to also own West Florida, which was suppose to be considered part of Louisiana was not assured. Despite that the final boundaries of the territory were not settled for many years, the boundaries roughly extended form the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to British North America. The total purchase had doubled the national domain, increasing it 2,144,500 square kilometers.

Morality in Ethan Frome Essay

In The Morality of Inertia, Lionel Trilling argues that Ethan Frome’s inability to make his own ethical decisions ultimately makes his ‘smash-up’ a tragic event caused by the inactivity of morality. The nonexistence of this moral inertia is the explanation, for Trilling, for the outcome of Frome; the lack of moral responsibility in any of the main characters from the beginning of their lives paralyzes their decision making process– they simply exist and do what is their duty. Trilling’s aspect that Frome was a morally inadequate man is a valid fact affirmed by Edith Wharton’s provided background of him; the idea that he was unable to make choices and is only capable of enduring can be proven inaccurate with his Frome’s actions throughout the story. The notion that Ethan Frome is incapable of making ethical decisions based on his background can also be countered with his background and actions. Trilling uses Frome’s â€Å"duties as a husband† and son as support for his claim that â€Å"[c]hoice is incompatible with [Ethan’s existence]† (from Morality of Inertia). However, the reader is exposed to Ethan’s ability to recognize choices, and decisions not to act on them, throughout the story. Frome acknowledges his dilemma of running away with Mattie or staying with Zeena, but is inefficient in seeing past the initial consequences of each choice and exploring other possibilities of escape besides the basic. Ethan’s central decision in the book, to commit suicide with Mattie, is made with free will; although it is Mattie’s idea, Ethan agrees and takes the reins in the front of the sled. Although Ethan Frome is a broken man perpetually frozen in a bleak Starkfield, one cannot disregard his inaction when he is presented and acknowledges choices. He constantly contemplates expressing his love for Mattie, looking for â€Å"the all-expressive word,† but fails to, even when alone with her, making â€Å"free choice† a moot point (Ethan Frome; from Morality of Inertia). Morality is not caused by inertia in Ethan’s case but personal authorization– Ethan’s decision to commit suicide proves this point; the act proves that he was capable of confessing his love to Mattie, but failed to up to that moment. Although Frome can be held responsible for his moral inactivity, he can be considered a morally inadequate man in his present state. His inadequacy, however, was not a constant in life or a sudden occurrence– it snowballed from his youth and finally solidified through the ‘smash-up’. His earlier experiences in a university and the joy it brought him was quickly interrupted after a year by his sickly parents. The unfortunate circumstance forces Ethan Frome to move back to the depressing Starkfield he had just escaped. His parents’ illnesses bring along Zenobia, who would be another future, unseen oppression along with Starkfield. For years, Ethan lives in depressing conditions that decline as time goes on. The chance to finally leave them behind, however, comes in Mattie, Zenobia’s cousin and maid. Ethan’s inability to act on this chance of escape finally seals his fate when Mattie is paralyzed and he is critically injured. Although jinxed with unfortunate circumstances, Ethan Frome’s life could have been bettered if one small step or action was taken by him for himself with the intention to create personal joy or pleasure. The importance of taking steps in life betterment can be seen in Ethan Frome. Although one may lack a history of â€Å"making moral decisions,† the human instinct to do so is always there (from Morality of Inertia). Ethan Frome was able to rationalize and recognize choices inside of his head; it was his inability to act on any one until his attempted suicide that created his depressing circumstances. The irony of his only decision with Mattie being one of the most deciding ones in his life underscores the fact that if he had taken this initiative before this instance, his life might have taken a different track. This was not a forced or accidental occurrence; Ethan Frome was in fact an unfortunate individual in undesirable circumstances, but with a free will and mind developed enough to make

European Commission´s actions against The Coca Cola Company Essay

* 1 Introduction The Coca Cola Company (TCCC) is an American corporation and manufacturer especially known for its soft drinks like Coca Cola or Fanta. It sells over 3500 products, is available in over 200 countries and has revenues of nearly 50 billion us-dollars (Coca Cola Company, 2011). After Coca Cola was accused by the European commission (EC) to have abused its market power, Coca Cola gave in and set up commitments to prove that it does not abuse its power. They promised no exclusivity arrangements, no target or growth rebates, no  use of its stronger brands to sell other less strong brands and finally a 20 percent free space in their coolers for other products and brands. These commitments were accepted by the EC. This essay explains why the EC is concerned about the abuse of market power and analyzes the commitments stated by the coca cola company in its economic terms and how they affect the market competition. Finally it will evaluate if the EC was correct in accepting these commitments. Background to the Case The EC tries to establish a free competitive market and a fair competition between businesses in setting up competition policies like state aid, merger control rules and antitrust also known as the European competition law (Report European Comission, 2010). It does so to ensure the maximization of social welfare which will be further explained in section 2. In September 2004, the EC started to proceed against the Coca Cola Company relying on their antitrust regulation. In October, 2004 Coca Cola was sent a â€Å"preliminary assessment† which stated the EC ´s concerns about their abuse of market power. One month later Coca Cola submitted commitments in response to these Claims (European Comission, 2006). The four commitments are as followed: 1. Coca cola promised that at all time their customers are free to buy or sell carbonated soft drinks from any supplier of their choice and therefore no more exclusivity arrangements; 2. No target or growth rates are allowed. Coca Cola no longer offers rebates that reward in purely purchasing the same amount or more of Coca Cola products than in the past. Hence it is easier for customers to purchase from other suppliers; 3. Coca Cola is not allowed to use its strong brand to push other products which are not that popular goods; 4. If Coca Cola provides free coolers to retailers, the retailers are allowed to use 20 per cent of its space for other brands and goods. If Coca Cola should break these commitments the EC could demand a fine of ten per cent of Coca Cola ´s total worldwide turnover (European Comission, 2006). Loss of Welfare due to Market Power But why is the EC actually concerned about the abuse of market power, the ability of a firm to charge a price above marginal cost and earn a positive profit (Perloff, 2012), of big firms like TCCC? The main answer to this question is that the EC tries to ensure social welfare and to maximize it. But before answering this question social welfare needs to be elucidated. Social welfare itself is difficult to measure. One way to measure it is to define it as the sum of the consumer and producer surplus. Perloff describes the consumer surplus as: â€Å"The monetary difference between what a consumer is willing to pay for the quantity of the good purchased and what the good actually costs† (Perloff, 2012). In other words the consumer surplus is used to measure and compare consumer welfare, the benefit of a certain product a person gets consuming that product less the money he or she paid for the good. In contrast the producer surplus is described by Perloff as followed: â€Å"The d ifference between the amount for which a good sells and the minimum amount necessary for the seller to be willing to produce the good† (Perloff, 2012). It is the gain of trade and thus equal to the profit from trade minus the profit from not trading. The EC tries to maximize the social welfare. This is only possible in a competitive market because in such a market environment the price equals the marginal costs (Perloff, 2012) which results in an equilibrium price, an economic term for a balance between the wants of producers and consumers and no loss of welfare. However, the converse argument is that in a non-competitive market social welfare is not maximized. The biggest counterpart to a free competitive market is a monopolistic market. Although TCCC is not a real monopoly it has big market power and can therefore be compared to a monopoly. The loss of social welfare, the deadweight loss, which occurs if a monopoly (or a company with a big market power) arises, is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Deadweight Loss of Monopoly 1 (Barnett, 2007) Figure 1 shows that at the competitive equilibrium the price (Pc) is lower than the monopoly price (Pm) and the quantity (Qc) is bigger than the quantity (Qm) which the monopoly supplies. Hence a deadweight loss arises. This deadweight loss develops only due to missing competition. This scenario could appear due to an abuse of market power. By definition, market power is  the ability to charge a price above marginal cost and therefore earn a positive profit (Perloff, 2012). Compared to a competitive market the demand curve is not horizontal but downwards sloping. This means that although the quantity decreases if a monopoly raises its price there are still buyers for the product. In a competitive market this is not true because the demand curve is horizontal and only the slightest increase in price will result in zero demand. As we can see in Figure 1: The monopoly is able to set its price not at the equilibrium (the intersection of marginal cost and the market price) but at a poin t at which it maximizes its own profit (a point where the price is higher than marginal costs). This results in a welfare loss for the consumers which the EC tries to prevent. Furthermore the market power is related to the shape of the demand curve and tells a monopoly how much it can raise its price above the competitive equilibrium (the interception with the marginal cost) at the profit maximizing quantity. The more elastic the demand curve becomes, graphically this would means a nearly flat curve, the more sales are lost even if the price is only slightly increased. Conversely, if the demand curve is a steep curve (not very elastic) it would lose fewer sales by the same increase of price (Perloff, 2012). However a firm with a big market power or a monopoly benefit from large economies of scale. They can produce their products cheaper than any number of other firms together and for this reason not challengeable (Perloff, 2012). Economic Effect of the Commitments on Market Competition Concerned of the big market power TCCC had, the EC decided to intervene and requested Coca Cola to come up with solutions to allow the free competition to grow. Coca Cola then set up four commitments which were accepted by the EC. Although all four head to the same economic effect of lowering entry barriers for competitors and accordingly make consumers more aware of substitutes for Coca Cola products, all four are described separately. The first commitment assured that TCCC would not accept any exclusivity arrangements. It allows customers of Coca Cola to sell any soft drinks from any supplier next to Coca Cola. This means more suppliers which results in more products similar to Coca Cola ´s products, substitutes. Although these  substitutes existed also before the commitment it is now much easier for consumers to be aware of these and accordingly buy these. The economic effect of more substitutes was already explained in section 2: The market power is related to the demand curv e. The flatter the demand curve is the more elastic it is and therefore a small increase in price leads to a big loss in sales. If we now take the substitutes into account the demand curve of TCCC becomes more elastic because consumers can choose between products of different suppliers. Hence Coca Cola cannot set its price per unit as high as before. In other words the demand curve gets closer to a competitive demand curve and if TCCC sets its prices too high consumers will buy a substitute. In addition as prices of Coca Cola ´s products gets lower it becomes easier for other firms to enter the market. The second commitment prevented Coca Cola to set up target or growth rates. Hence Coca Cola was not able to reward customers for purchasing the same amount or more of Coca Cola products than in the past. Again this makes it easier for customers to buy from other soft drink suppliers or a less amount of Coca Cola products plus different products. Economically this has the same effect as the first commitment and concentrates the overall effect: The demand curve becomes even more elastic and the market becomes more competitive. The third commitment states that TCCC is not allowed to use the strongest brands to sell less popular brands. Again consumer can choose more easily between different suppliers and the competition in the market is further increased. Next to this economic effect it is now harder for Coca Cola to sell its less popular products and weakens its market power and brings TCCC even closer to sell at the competitive equilibrium. Secondary to the economic effect of the more elastic demand curve the decrease of entry barriers and the gain of substitutes increase the supply of the market. As more suppliers enter the market, supply increases which lowers the price of products in the market. The last commitment allows retailers to use 20 percent of the space in the Coca Cola coolers although they were provided by TCCC for free. Therefore Retailers who want to benefit of a free cooler are not forced to use it only for Coca Cola products anymore. This makes it easy for consumers to be aware of substitutes of Coca Cola ´s products as well as comparing prices. All in all the four commitments are heading to decrease TCCC ´s market power and to increase the competition in the market. They do so allowing substitutes gain  more attention by customers which results in a more elastic demand curve for Coca Cola. The more elastic it becomes the more competition increases in the market. Moreover the market ´s supply increases and prices decrease. Conclusion Finally it can be said that firms with too much market power can reduce the social welfare. In order to protect this social welfare the EC accepted the four commitments. The closer analysis of the four commitments and their economic effect on the market shows that due to lower entry barriers the market ´s supply is increased and more substitutes are easier available for consumers. In addition, Coca Cola ´s demand decreases and it cannot benefit from its economies of scales as it could before. Furthermore, it cannot set its price as high as it could before. Although Coca Cola does not lose all of its market power and is still one of the biggest companies and soft drink suppliers worldwide its market power is reduced by the EC ´s actions and this results in an increase of market competition and a reduction of Coca Cola ´s market power. If it was actually maximized to its fullest cannot be said because the information of actual demand or marginal cost curves is always limited, nor are the theoretical assumptions of a market environment given in real life. Nevertheless, the social welfare was definitely increased by the EC and therefore it was right to accept the four commitments. References Barnett, T. (31. October 2007). Maximizing Welfare through technological Innovation. From www.justice.gov: http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/speeches/227291.htm Coca Cola Company, C. C. (31. December 2011). Anuual Report of Exchange. Von www.sec.gov: http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/21344/000002134412000007/a2011123110-k.htm Comission, E. (2006). Competition in Practice – Coca Cola. European Comission, E. (2006). Coca Cola. Perloff. (2012). Microeconomics. England: Pearson. Report European Comission, C. (2010). Report on competition policy . Brussels.

Economics Theory Essay Example

Economics Theory Essay Example Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Economics Theory The cost of $6 per person in the community is a negative externality. This is an external costs caused by the building of the water park. This is a negative externality because it involves added costs to the community. Additionally, the people within the community where this park will be built are third parties and do not incur costs or benefits directly (Keppler, 2007). These costs are not compensated by the city council. Negative Externality S= MC Equilibrium P S1= MC-X D= MB Q1 Q* Q The per-unit amount of the externality is the amount of the positive or negative externality realized for every unit of good produced by the council. In this case, the product is the water park that will increase the traffic. The negative per-unit amount of externality is $2. When businesses realize increased security at night as well as the surrounding, this will be a benefit from the water park. Additionally, with a benefit of $3 for every person attending the water park, the positive externality is realized (Mankiw, 2011). Therefore, this is a positive externality since the city council will not be refunded the money, and neither will the neighboring surrounding and businesses have to pay for the extra benefits realized from increased traffic and security at night. The per-unit amount for both externalities is $2. One way of solving the negative externality for this project is having the city council compensate for the added costs to the community by reducing some of the services it renders to people. Alternatively, it should also be required the community the same amount of money. Therefore, this can be added back to its marginal costs. For the positive externality, people or community should seek to increase it through means such as pushing for subsidies to have the goods at a cheaper price. This would increase the benefits for the whole community. References Keppler, J. H. (2007). Theory and Measurement of Externalities. University Paris-Dauphine. Mankiw, N.G. (2011). Principles of economics. New York, N.Y: Cengage Learning.

The Truth about Global Warming

The Truth about Global Warming Free Online Research Papers Over the past half century our world has become more modernized than we ever thought possible. We have innovative things to make our lives quicker and more efficient including DVDs, the IPod, and the Internet. This technology has become integrated into our society and even in a way part of our lives. It has also led to increased manufacturing and production and in turn increased the CO2 output by man kind. However, is this increase substantial enough to cause a change in the Earths climate? Scientists have been debating this for years and have yet to come up with an answer to this question even with overwhelming evidence supporting the idea that humans are not the cause of global warming. There is too much evidence to deny that the Earths warming is due to a natural change in the Earths climate, not mankind. Past and future fluctuations in the Earths climate, the sun, and the energy it emits, and North and South Pole activities all prove that man made global warming is a myth that ha s gotten out of hand. The newspapers and television have helped push this man made global warming into what it is today. Throughout history the Earth goes through climate stages both warming and cooling. During the Holocene, there have been about seven major warming and cooling trends, some lasting as long as 3000 years, others as short as 650. They have been able to see this through the layers in the ice. Recently Russian scientist drilled 3.5 km of ice to acquire a specimen with information about the last 400,000 years, before mankind was emitting harmful CO2 gasses. They found that during the last 400,000 years the earth has scene four two-phase climate cycles; a gradual warming followed by a quick cooling. This proves through scientific study that the earth undergoes climate stages and that the globe is in reality experiencing a gradual warming but it is not caused by man. You can also see these climate changes through the rings in trees. Tree growth is slowed during cold times and is greater during warmth. By looking a specimens of trees scientist can see the different periods of warming and cool ing. According to some the Earth is going to continue to warm as long as we as humans continue to abuse the planet we live on. This couldnt be further from the truth. In fact, the warming is in fact soon to be replaced by the second stage of the climate stages. Both satellite and ground based temperature readings have show a decrease in temperature in the last few years. These readings contradict the idea of man-made global warming, by bringing the climate cycle to attention. Scientist have started to predict that by 2012 a fairly cold spell will set in and a real cold will come will come in 2041. This could be the ice age that we are overdue to have. This is caused by solar activity; warm periods of temperature when it is at its peak and cold at the minimum. Scientist know about two 11 and 200 year solar activity cycles that are caused by changes in the radius and irradiating solar surface. These cycles are in direct correlation with the Earths temperature, proving the idea that the Earth heats in stages and man is not causing it. Looking at changes in the energy the sun outputs you can effectively see the relationship between it and the climate of the Earth. When the suns magnetism is strong the suns output is higher and the Earth is warmer. The suns output has a direct connection with the Earths climate. The ups and downs of temperature match almost exactly the ups and downs and changes in magnetism. For example, in the 1000-1300, the middle ages with no greenhouse gases, there was a period of warming where the sun was more active magnetically and brighter energetically than today followed by a period of time with low sun activ ity therefore lower temperatures. Another good indicator that the Earth is done warming and is soon to be in the second stage of its cycle is the behavior of the poles. Observations in Antarctica show that the temperature is not rising, in fact, some say it is even falling therefore the Antarctic Ice, the biggest freshwater supply on Earth and the main reason for the rise of the ocean level is not likely to be melting. At the beginning of the 21st century the trend of warming reversed and now observers in Antarctica have found that the average temperature has dropped. The Glaciers there are not melting quickly or retreating; however, in many places they are advancing especially in the cooler, eastern part of Antarctica. The ice isnt melting it is growing which indicates that the temperatures are indeed going down. We have no reason to panic about allegations that ice in the Arctic Ocean is thawing rapidly and will soon vanish altogether scientist say the Arctic and Antarctic shields are growing. Many scientists agree that man-made global warming is a myth, not all but more scientist then before. Over 400 prominent scientists from more that two dozen countries recently voiced significant objections to the so-called consensus on man-made global warming and numerous colleges shared their views, but they will not speak out publicly for fear of retribution. There is an abundant amount of evidence saying the Earth is getting colder after a long period of warming. More and more people and scientists are becoming skeptics of the myth man-made global warming every year and this trend will most likely continue to as long as the Earth continues to cool. Research Papers on The Truth about Global WarmingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMind TravelGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia The Truth About Global Warming Free Online Research Papers Global Warming is a rapidly growing issue in American society. Many scientists have proven the existence of Global Warming, but the reasons for such is still in part speculated. Al Gore expressed the issue of Global Warming in the documentary â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† with a presentation full of maps, graphs, charts, statistics, and photos. Gore presents many facts about Global Warming, but also makes examples that do not directly relate to Global Warming. He presents Global Warming as the rising levels of greenhouse gasses, mainly carbon dioxide, causing a state of environmental emergency. Gore speculates that the devastation of hurricane Katrina in 2005 was a direct result of Global Warming; also Gore mentions that the melting ice cap of Mt. Kilimanjaro is because of Global Warming. Gore says that Global Warming is causing stronger storms, such as Katrina, and rising temperatures causing Mt. Kilimanjaro’s ice cap to melt. Mt. Kilimanjaro lies 220 miles south of the Equator on the continent of Africa. The ice fields of Kilimanjaro are known as tropical ice fields. Ohio State University Geologist Lonnie Thompson published a report saying that Tropical glaciers are more vulnerable to climate change; even small temperature changes can cause major devastation to the ice. A climatologist from The University of Massachusetts Douglass R. Hardy, who has been recording temperatures from the mountain since 2000, mentions that â€Å"forest reduction in the areas surrounding Kilimanjaro, and not global warming, might be the strongest human influence on glacial recession.† Hardy points to honey collectors smoking out bees which in turn cause forest fires, and clearing of land for agricultural purposes for melting ice caps. The loss of vegetation causes less moisture in the air directly causing less cloud cover, which in turn causes higher temperatures. Many scientists conclude there is evidence of tropical glaciers receding since 1912. However most note that dramatic drops in lake levels surrounding Kilimanjaro indicate less rainfall and cloudiness dating back to 1880. These are all major factors contributing to the rapid melting of Kilimanjaro’s ice caps. In the documentary Al Gore explains that global warming is in fact the cause of this devastation on Mt. Kilimanjaro. There is no contestation that the glaciers of Kilimanjaro are melting, but the causes are not global warming (Minarcek). In the documentary (An Inconvenient Truth) Gore presents the idea that global warming is causing greater storms. His main example is hurricane Katrina that hit New Orleans in 2005. Gore presented many pictures of the devastation, flooding, and people of New Orleans. Gore has no real evidence points to global warming causing stronger storms. Instead he uses the pictures of devastation from hurricane Katrina to make his audience believe out of sympathy. There is no doubt that Katrina was a very powerful storm that caused much devastation, but how strong was it? Katrina was measured a category five hurricane, the strongest on the scale, and the first of the twenty-first century. The last category five hurricane was Camille which made landfall in Mississippi in 1969, causing much less devastation totaling only seven deaths due to proper evacuation and point of landfall. What made Katrina so much more popular was the negligence of the government and citizens of Louisiana. On average the city of New Orleans is five feet below see level. The levee system surrounding the city was only built to withstand a slow moving category two or a fast moving category three hurricane. The system was overloaded by Katrina causing it to fail. The pumps in the levees could not pump the water out because they were completely submerged. Since the pumps could not function the flood waters had nowhere to go, which is what caused the city to stay underwater for weeks. This flooding is what caused most of the physical damage to the city. The rest of the disaster was brought on by the people of New Orleans. The government did not have a proper evacuation program in place causing a great number of people stranded in the city. The Superdome was used as a shelter for the remaining citizens. The slow reaction of the government left these people stranded in the Superdome, without food or fresh drinking water. Citizens began looting and stealing for survival. In the aftermath of Katrina the media blamed the category five storm for such devastation, when in fact it was the hurricane procedures and people of New Orleans to blame for the mass destruction of the city (McCarragher). Gore uses these two examples of global warming effects without proper facts. If Kilimanjaro’s melting glaciers were caused by global warming it would be a proper example. However since it is caused by other factors it is not a proper example of global warming Gore creates doubt amidst his audience when he uses examples that do not directly relate to his cause. The pictures and evidence of melting glaciers on Mt. Kilimanjaro and the destruction of hurricane Katrina is very real and convincing, but they are not applicable to Gore’s presentation. He uses them to create support for his cause with ignorance of their cause. With more time and effort it may be possible to disprove more of Gore’s ideas and examples of global warming. Scientific facts have disproved the two ideas chosen for this paper and have caused reasonable doubt for Gore’s entire presentation on global warming. Research Papers on The Truth About Global WarmingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic EngineeringAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product