A Child Called It By Dave Pelezer - 953 Words

The book I choose to write this paper on child development is A child Called It by Dave Pelezer. This book talks about the relationship between a alcoholic mother and her son name Dave. Who has been abused everyday; both mentally and physically. Once you read this book you will feel every little emotion that runs through Dave body. When I say this I’m talking about when his mother decides to do the abuse and the after effect feeling that Dave has. I really recommend this book to be read by mothers because it exemplifies that no matter if your single mother with one or more kids no type of abuse is ok. If you ever decided to read this book be prepared to cry, smile, and get angry. Once you finish reading I think any parent would have a new mind set before even attempting to see their child cry ever again. Now let’s talk more in depth about this wonderful book. Like I stated in the introduction it’s based on a mother and son relationship around abuse. The son name is Dave he is a elementary student I’m guessing around the 3rd grade. he is the youngest out of his three brothers. His mother was an alcoholic that was married before the father decided to walk away from their alcoholic mother. Dave abuses from his mother started way before his father left but it just reached the beginning while his dad was there. Its started as just a pull on the arm and slight hit on the hand. His mother always try make Dave feel like he was a bad boy no matter what he did. Once Dave

Analysis Of The Poem Easter - 976 Words

On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, members of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army occupied Dublin’s General Post Office, and from its steps, Patrick Pearse read a proclamation of the Irish Republic. The British military responded with force, and the Easter Rising, as it became known, came to an end with the rebels’ surrender on April 29. In England at the time, W. B. Yeats learned about the Rising mostly through newspapers and through letters from his friend and patroness, Lady Gregory. As the British forces imposed martial law and, in early May, executed fifteen of the Rising’s leaders, some of whom Yeats knew personally, the events in Ireland moved Yeats to begin writing the poem which became â€Å"Easter, 1916.† On May 11, Yeats wrote to Lady Gregory that he had received a letter from his long-time muse Maud Gonne, who had written from France with the belief that the revolutionaries had â€Å"raised the Irish cause again to a position of tragic dignity† (White 372). He went on to relate his own attempts to interpret recent events: â€Å"I am trying to write a poem on the men executed—‘terrible beauty has been born again.’† (Wade 613). The phrase â€Å"terrible beauty,† with its initial â€Å"t† and final â€Å"ty,† seems to echo Gonne’s â€Å"tragic dignity,† though the negatively charged â€Å"terrible† strains against â€Å"beauty,† making Yeats’s phrase more ambivalent than Gonne’s. Yeats may not have used the word â€Å"tragic,† but a sense of tragedy pervades â€Å"Easter, 1916.† Recalling life before theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Easter 2124 Words   |  9 PagesEa ster 2 A, 2016 John 20:19-31 Brother and sisters in Christ, grace to you and peace from God our Father, and our risen Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. Amen. Have any of you had a nickname that stuck with you, even if you hated the name? Even if it was unfair or unflattering? When I was a child, my family called me â€Å"Lynnie† instead of plain old Lynn. 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Similarly, Margaret Wood s The Weather Where We Are, tackles climate change and how it is effectingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Easter Wings By George Herbert947 Words   |  4 PagesReligious is a strong topic because many people accept it and others do not. Beliefs are very important in the life of several human beings and people enjoy expressing them. The poem, â€Å"Easter Wings,† illustrates the life of the first man on Earth, Adam, and the present life of G eorge Herbert, the author, in 1633. This poetry battles between the loss of hope and hope and is a reflection on the author’s life. In the first stanza the author mentions how Adam had it all and then because of his sin heRead More Analysis of the Inferno of Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Inferno of Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri is considered by many as the first great poem in the Italian language and perhaps the greatest poem written in Medieval Europe. The poem is so famous that one of the minor characters, Capaneus the great blasphemer, has his name on a mesa on one of Jupiters moon Io (Blue, 1). Also, the poem is divided into three canticles, or sections, Inferno, Purgatorio, andRead MoreComparative Stylistic Analysis of a Poem3580 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ Comparative Stylistic Analysis of a Poem Submitted to: Mrs. Daisy O. Casipit Submitted by: Lovely Anne B. Unquida (BSEd3-3) October 2013 Easter Wings by George Herbert Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,    Though foolishly he lost the same,   Ã‚      Decaying more and more,   Ã‚     Ã‚   Till he became   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most poore:   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With thee      Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh let me rise As larks, harmoniously, And sing this day   thy victories: Then shall the fall furtherRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism on Emily Dickinson Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesmake the reader relate to such poetry on a deeper level or not to who she was as a human being. Many critics believe that using a psychological criticism approach to understand an author’s literary work leaves common sense behind. For them, such analysis disregards the environment in which an author created their work, as well as disregarding that men and women read differently. 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When we lower our weapons and stop reaching for them and look at the outcome of the fight. This poem is telling us to stop looking at war but to look at the peace that we can have and brings us hope. Maya Angelou Maya Angelou wrote book on

Leadership In American Community Colleges -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leadership In American Community Colleges? Answer: Introduction Based on the topic, Bill Gates can be considered as one of the known personalities with the traits and behaviors like that of a transactional leader. Bill Gates can be portrayed in multiple ways, as a billionaire, humanitarian, IT business tycoon, perceptive interpreter of future technologies. He is not only the worlds richest man but he can be considered as a prominent leader who has transformed the whole world in form of technological renovation. Based on the leadership style of Bill Gates, he can be tagged as a transactional leader (Colbert, Barrick Bradley, 2014). On the other hand, Jeff Bezos, the CEO of Amazon, the largest shopping portals in the world can be considered as a transformational leader, who has changed his leadership style from being transactional. It can be considered that Jeff Bezos and Amazon have traveled together from the first and the main credit that contributes to the success of both the company and the owner is his transformation in the leadership (Rock, 2014). Based on the innovations and the leadership strategies that Jeff has taken the initiatives to change in the company to help it become one of the high grossing e-commerce companies of all time helps conclude Jeff as a transformational leader (Chou et al., 2013). Organizational introductions Microsoft is the major player in the Information Technology platform with the operating system as one of the very base of this whole industry. The company has been created in the year of 1975 until the year of 2006. Microsoft has not only been responsible for the production of computer-based operating systems but the company has taken the initiative to introduce multiple portable devices to its large consumer base. Bill Gates had been primarily held for the responsibilities regarding the changes in the companys product strategy (Burke Barron, 2014). He had uncompromisingly broadened the companys product range that has in turn helped Microsoft achieve a dominant position in the global market. In the early phases of Microsoft, the focus was kept more on the achievement, rather than reassurance, well-being, and retention of the staffs (Dale, 2015). Based on which some of the critics have argued that the company only broadened the spectrum to satisfy the customer base but nothing has be en done to invent newer product lines (Goetsch Davis, 2014). However, it can be considered that it is the transactional style of leadership that has helped the company to touch soaring heights. On the contrary, Amazon is the typical example of a company, which has led the way of e-commerce. It is an American e-commerceandcloud-computingcompany, which is based inSeattle, Washingtonand was established byJeff Bezosin the year of 1994. It can be considered that the successful repositioning of the core business along with active investment in the new growth of the business has helped Amazon expand its founding retailing platform into innovative categories, such as groceries and entertainment content streaming. With parallel to the same, it has built the worlds largest cloud computing enterprise known as the Amazon Web Solutions. With the company generating revenue of $ 135.99 billion in the year of 2016, Jeff Bezos has surpassed Bill Gates to top in the Forbes list of the richest man in the world. This success, in turn, can be contributed to the transactional turned transformational style of leadership of Jeff Bezos. Transactional Leadership vs. Transformational Leadership Northouse (2015) considers that the transactional leadership styles are more apprehensive with the maintenance of the standardized flow of the operations. In simple words, transactional leadership can be described as helping keep an organization sustained in the competition. It can be stated that the transactional leaders utilize disciplinary powers along with an assortment of incentives to help motivate employees to perform at their best (DInnocenzo, Mathieu Kukenberger, 2016). The phrase "transactional" signifies the fact that this type of leader fundamentally encourages subordinates and staffs by the exchange of rewards for performance. A transactional leader usually does not look forward to the strategic guidance of an organization to a position of market leadership; instead, the leaders are solely concerned with smoothly flowing of the operations. Based on the analysis, Bill Gates is a perfect example of a Transactional Leader (Daft, 2014). On the contrary, transformational leadership goes much more beyond the management of the daily procedures and devises strategies for taking the company, its departments or the working team to a subsequent level of performance and accomplishment (Braun et al., 2013). Transformational leadership styles primly focus on the building teams, motivation and collaboration with the employees at the different levels of an organization to adopt changes for the betterment. The transformational leaders set the goals, objectives and the incentives to push and motivate the associates and subsidiaries to a higher level of performance while imparting with opportunities for both personal and professional growth for each individual staff (Odumeru Ogbonna, 2013). On a further note, it can be added that this kind of leadership and strategies are long surviving and flexible, which is a total opposite to the transactional style of leadership (McCleskey, 2014). With relevance to this kind of leadership, Je ff Bezos can be considered as one of the famous persona adopting the transformational style of leadership. Strategies that help consider Bill Gates as a Transactional Leader Bill Gates has been represented as a commanding and stern leader to his adversaries as well as to his employees. He has productively altered Microsoft into a stable domination. In order to maintain the companys existing status, Gates had kept the center of attention on creating barriers to the new candidates or employees. Besides being a staunch leader, he had strictly kept control over the organizations production process to enable them to be received by the patrons. Bill Gates is not really known for his engaging or adaptive communication strategies. Rather, he is known for his rude, abrasive nature that is often dismissive of others ideas. For example, it is well evident from the idea that he once addressed his hiring process as non-selection of bozos, who will tell him how to run the business. This, in turn, demonstrates his prescience in the hiring process by actively selecting the dedicated and hard-working individuals at the initial development stages of Microsoft. His task-or iented behavior is evident by the display of strong personality attributes such as focus, passion and as a confronting taskmaster (Hackman Johnson, 2013). Jeff Bezos, on the other hand, can be reverted to the fact that Jeff is the best leaders in the existing time. This is evident from the fact about the growth and performance of Amazon in the international market. Amazon is the result of the vision, the long-term application of the strategies, the inspiration, and the innovation, which is not accepted by most other leaders. The successful repositioning of the operation and the expansion of the other ends of the business helped Amazon to grow on a large scale. Large-scale introduction of product lines, services and business opportunities and innovating business models by the CEO is the primary key that has contributed to the economic growth and performance of the company. These attributions have helped conclude the fact that Jeff Bezos is one of the prospective leaders in the current space. With respect to the qualities of a normal individual, transformational leaders are just regular people. However, these kinds of leadership are not about the position, the designation or the amount of money generated but a good transitional leader is about humbleness, passion, and vision. It is not only making one great but also helping other to expand to a higher level of greatness. Jeff Bezos inspire others with his vision and complies with the fact that vision does not count without actions and innovations. He certainly considers that vision and innovation needs a long-term implementation. Evident from an example regarding the qualities of Jeff as a leader, it is apparent from the point that he considers the customers to be the greatest asset of Amazon and takes an extreme level of measures to embrace and bind his customers to the business. Organizational management in Microsoft under Transactional Leadership Microsoft can be considered as a highly stressful environment because of Bill Gates, who drove others as hard as he directed himself. Bill evidently grew into a taskmaster who would literally stalk the parking lot on the weekends to see who had made to the office premises. The employees keep into boiling and it eventually gets on their nerves by the fact that Gates constantly keeps a push to drive them to their limits. It can be assumed that Gates as a transactional leader likes to sort out things in a rigorous, one-on-one discussions. He prospers on conflicts and does not hesitate in instigating the same. Being a task-oriented leader, he has helped the official groups to understand their goals by providing a sequence of steps that structures their initial meetings. In terms of managing the people, Bill considers that if the individuals can be directed towards the problem with its solution at the same time, then they can be motivated to jump into action, without any delay. In other w ords, it can be assumed that Bill Gates motivate the employees and helps them grow in his own manner and under tough situations that can help them prosper and sustain in the tough competition. However, the major change that takes place in the company when Satya Nadella takes the place of a CEO in the company, who brought a wealthy experience, an exceptional international perspective, and aleadership style, which would be tested as he commands an employee base of over 100,000 professionals. Amid new possibilities that spawned from a diverse assortment of tech platforms, ever-expanding wireless and mobile markets that have been continuing to explode across the marketplace along with a recent history of playing catch-up to other Silicon Valley upstarts, Nadella has been appointed to carve out a bigger slice of market share for Microsoft. Organizational management in Amazon under Transformational Leadership Two of the effective management strategies that have been adopted by Jeff Bezos is customer-centric service and more expectations from the employees. It can be said that Jeff Bezos places a great deal of focus on the customer needs and demands. The management through the information of customers hating delays, defects and out-of-stock products are the major issues that are being taken into consideration (Bolman Deal, 2017). One example of more expectation from the employees is followed by the fact that Amazon has 500 employees just for the sole task of email answering. Each of them is expected to answer 12 emails per minute and can be possibly fired if that number dropped below 7. By having high expectations of his employees, Bezos has created an incredibly efficient machine, which is now famous for being able to make same-day deliveries in more than a dozen US cities. This change can be considered as one of the strategies that would keep the competencies amongst the employees activ e and in turn help the company to be become more flourishing (Raes et al., 2013). It can also be added that through this leadership style individualized consideration to followers by paying attention to and meeting the needs of followers can be exhibited. In the process, Jeff Bezos as a transformational leader serves as role model for his followers, thus allowing them to identify the organizational vision, and help provide a sense of meaning and achievement (Noruzy et al., 2013). Contrast of Incremental and Radical Changes In contrast to the incremental changes, it can be defined as the innovation which is mostly concerned with the existing product, service, process, organization or perhaps a method, whose performance has been significantly enhanced or upgraded. In simple words, incremental changes are small changes that are comparatively slow and unplanned, with predefined results. On the contrary, the radical changes can be considered as certain disruptive changes that have a significant impact on the market as well as the economic activity of the organization. This change is also known as the transformational changes that work side by side with the employees along with the leader. Organizational changes that take place in Microsoft Based on the analysis it can be considered that the company did not take up or undergo any major change, thus a few changes that have been undertaken can be considered to be incremental in nature. For example, Incremental changes can be exhibited when Microsoft decides to come up with newer versions of Microsoft and upgrade the existing user interface of the operating platform to give a good user-friendly work experience to all of the customers. Newer introduction and expansion of product lines also falls under incremental changes as it is certain that people are influenced by not highly patronized by the same. The certain changes in the leadership style by the new CEO are yet to be tested and it can be considered that these changes would not affect the existing management of the company. On the contrary, the changes in Amazon can be considered to be radical, due to the sudden changes in the business expansions. The highly expanding platform of the previously e-commerce platforms is now going to service a wider customer base with service that has never been expected to be provided by an online retail seller, such a grocery, entertainment, networking services (Kerzner, 2013). The changes in the logo of Amazon is a change that signifies a big meaning of making the customer smile with the a-z services that are being provided. Even though the company did not undergo major changes, yet this sudden expansion can be considered to be a radical change. Perception of an incremental change for a radical change along with the role of leader Sudden and drastic changes in an organization can certainly affect an individual working in the organization, which in turn can take a toll on their performance, the mindset, and strategies of working in a predictable environment. For example, an employee who is working for Amazon, in the basic customer retailing and product supply can work under proper guidance under the manager, who can help guide them to cope with the radical changes. However, if the same employee is transferred to a different expanded wing of the company, he/ she might face stress, which can, in turn, the performance of the employee (Antonakis Day, 2017). It can also be added that the sales and promotion of the parent company products are not same as the newer products or expanded service that the company has introduced in line. Based on the two changes, it can be elaborated that often-incremental changes taken by a leader can be perceived as radical changes by employees due to differentiation in the perspective s. However, this perception of the individuals is subjected to certain factors that can be taken into consideration such as expertise, qualification, confidence, and guidance from the leader (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). For example, the transference of an employee into a different operational wing might not affect the employees with adequate knowledge and experience but this incremental change can affect a new individual who would be relocated all of a sudden. Gradual implementation of a radical change It can be considered that indeed the radical changes can introduce slowly and steadily in the process. It can further be added that the radical changes can appear to be a sudden and tough move, that just comes out of nowhere and can hit the employees, from where it is least expected. However, it can be assured that these changes are entirely subjected to the needs and demands of the company and as per the requirements of the leader (Cameron Green, 2015). For example, the organizational policies in Amazon can be incorporated and modified slowly, keeping the employees in mind. Sudden changes can not only drive the employees into shock but also affect their performance. The only means to control the same is to steadily, inform the employees to avert clash in the workplace, thus saving the company from criticism and defamation. Potential barriers faced by the leaders in implementing the changes Based on secondary research it has been found that Amazon has recently expanded its divisions and Jeff Bezos have alleged bought the Washington Post under his control. Even though this strategy has been considered as one of the motives to lean and expand the profits, yet according to President Donald Trump, this can be considered as a motive to evade tax. The main reason that is responsible for this kind of perception is the question of why a retail owner would look forward to buying a newspaper. Challenges due to change in the business model No matter how effective is the business model how effective the strategies might be, it has been always under the impression that the business model of Amazon is highly pressurizing and complicated, even though there is no doubt regarding the leadership of Jeff Bezos. It can be added that the workload in the organization is tremendous and extreme. Lack of the customer service With the following change, it can be considered that the customer-centric company can face probable barriers due to the extension in the business model and wings, where it would be difficult to manage the demands of each customer, imparting a load on the employees, thus rising to chaos. Mismanagement of the employees With the extension of the business model and the expansion, there can be a potential mismanagement of the employees due to the rising needs and demands to meet the customer services of the ever-expanding customer base. This, in turn, can affect the existing diversity of the company. Clear financial report to keep a track of the financial transactions In response to the allegation, the company can keep a transparency in the financial transactions, including the tax records, to keep a clarity in the financial operations and activities of the company. This, in turn, can not only keep the company clean and free from allegation but would help in restructuring the business model. Simplification of the Business model The business model can be restricted to a simplification that can be easy enough for everyone to accept and follow the same. This would not only help the employees to understand and comply with the operations but also help the company to work on further improvements. Imparting of proper training The customers are the prime key to the success of the company and inadequacy in the customer-centric activities can severely affect the operations of the company. Imparting of proper training to the staffs and employees can help understand the value of time management, customer demands, and service. Improvising the HRM of the company The managing of the employees due to the radical changes can be a crucial task, the employees can be imparted with proper knowledge and coordination, that can help facilitate better performance and activity from their end. Relocation in the departments can obviously strain the employees but managing the diversity can solve the issue. Using Lewin's three-step change model The three stages of the model developed by Kurt Lewin has been used to manage the change in the organization, Microsoft. They are as follows. Unfreezing This step is the first stage of the change process, which mainly involves the revelation and the acceptance of an idea that has been unfrozen to create an awareness about the idea that has generated. For example, Microsoft wishes to implement a new service "Cortana" with all the Microsoft operating systems, which would help the users to filter their searching options. Changing This is the second stage of the process and involves the initiating of the alteration process, which enforces the movement to a level of stability. This stage is mainly the balance where the changes transfer from the initial to the final stages of the change. For example, the new CEO of Microsoft Satya Nadella explains the significance and the benefits of the new changes that would be implemented. This would also help the employees understand the need for change. Refreezing This is the final stage of the change that is finally incorporated into the system and has been consolidated based on the activities that have been done to successfully implement the same. For example, after the successful implementation of Cortana in the Windows system, the benefits of the application has helped the employees understand the usefulness of the same. This, in turn, has motivated the employees to rethink and introduce more useful application based functions that can benefit everyone. Using Kotters 8 step change model The eight stages of the model developed by John Kotter has been used to manage the change in the organization, Amazon. They are as follows. Stage 1: Urgency This stage refers to the need for urgency. The need for urgency refers to a need for a change in the organization, which in turn justifies the change in the organization to be an urgent matter for the implementation. For example, there is an urgent need to implement and restructure the time management process in terms of a certain perishable product that the company offers to the valued customers. However, for the urgent implementation of change, the employees need to see the need for the change. Stage 2: Coalition Formation The second stage of the model involves the selection of the right employees for the job with the appropriate skills to deliver a perfect service. For example, Jeff Bezos has divided the operational teams who expertise in the customer service and time management to amplify the better service (Hawkins, 2017). Stage 3: Vision for change This stage involves the developing of a vision for the company as well as helps the employees look forward in the same prospect regarding that change that needs to be implemented in the organization. For example, Jeff Bezos visions to make Amazon the best e-commerce retailer in the world. The extensive leadership skills of Jeff would lead him to achieve the same due to his focused, visionary, appealing and extensive leadership skills. Stage 4: Communication of the Vision This is the fourth stage where the vision corresponds to every employee so that develop awareness about the vision and could help improvise the same. For example, organizing of regular communication sessions and meetings can be helpful to disseminate the ideas and the concepts to the employees regarding the managing of the change in the company (Roueche, Baker III Rose, 2014). Stage 5: Obstacles Removal Based on this model, there are several challenges that can come upon the path of implementation of the change, which in turn needs to be taken care of. For example, Jeff faced several challenges in the process of implementation of his vision to make Amazon a diversified company. He faced several challenges for political background along with the management of the company, but these challenges have been worked out with his better communication and leadership skills. Stage 6: Short-term goals - The sixth stage of the change model can be explained as imparting of small appreciation tokens and incentives to the employees in the beginning of change, which would motivate the employees to contribute more on their efforts. For example, Jeff managed to appreciate the employees with a small token of appreciation and incentives after each season to keep them motivated and active in their interaction and participation. Stage 7: Building of change This stage of change building can be addressed as the implementation of the change for some point of time. However, the implementation of the change is subjected to the time. For example, Jeff allows the target of each team to maintain the competition and efficiency of the team for better implementation of the organizational change. The setting of the target also helps the employees to be indirectly directed towards adapting to the change (Barna, 2013). Stage 8: Consolidating the change in the workplace diversity The final stage of the model refers to the permanent consolidation of the change in the work culture and the diversity, where the main objectives, principles are cultivated within the employee's perception on a regular base. The regular implementation, in turn, takes a permanent shape in the work culture. For example, the better management and shortening of the time management for the deliveries, on a wide array of products have resulted in immense customer satisfaction as a result, newer clients have generated, who have switched from other services and existing clients have remained on the same side. References Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Barna, G. (2013).The power of team leadership: Achieving success through shared responsibility. WaterBrook. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 270-283. Burke, R., Barron, S. (2014).Project management leadership: building creative teams. John Wiley Sons. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chou, H. W., Lin, Y. H., Chang, H. H., Chuang, W. W. (2013). Transformational leadership and team performance: The mediating roles of cognitive trust and collective efficacy.Sage Open,3(3), 2158244013497027. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), 351-387. DInnocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadershipteam performance relations.Journal of Management,42(7), 1964-1991. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dale, B. (2015).Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hackman, M. Z., Johnson, C. E. (2013).Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Hawkins, P. (2017).Leadership team coaching: Developing collective transformational leadership. Kogan Page Publishers. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V. M., Azhdari, B., Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: an empirical investigation of manufacturing firms.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1-13. Odumeru, J. A., Ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(2), 355. Raes, E., Decuyper, S., Lismont, B., Van den Bossche, P., Kyndt, E., Demeyere, S., Dochy, F. (2013). Facilitating team learning through transformational leadership.Instructional Science,41(2), 287-305. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Rock, D. (2014).Quiet leadership. HarperCollins e-books. Roueche, P. E., Baker III, G. A., Rose, R. R. (2014).Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Roueche, P. E., Baker III, G. A., Rose, R. R. (2014).Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Litt

Saadat-Hasan-MantoWriter-of-Stark-Realities.Pdf Essay Example

Saadat-Hasan-MantoWriter-of-Stark-Realities.Pdf Paper This page was exported from Jahane Rumi Export date: Thu Nov 18 17:11:12 2010 / +0000 GMT Saadat Hasan Manto- Writer of Stark Realities (Courtesy Iftikhar Chaudri) Saadat Hassan Manto (May 11, 1912 ? January 18, 1955) was a Pakistani Urdu short story writer, most known for his Urdu short stories , Bu (Odour), Khol Do (Open It), Thanda Gosht (Cold Meat), and his magnum opus, Toba Tek Singh. Unfortunately having spent life on both sides of the border he was portrayed as an Indian writer in Pakistan and in India he was portrayed as a Pakistani writer. But truely he was a writer of the subcontinent above distinctions of coutry or religion. He was also a film and radio scriptwriter, and journalist. In his short life, he published twenty-two collections of short stories, one novel, five collections of radio plays, three collections of essays, two collections of personal sketches. He was tried for obscenity half-a-dozen times, thrice before and thrice after independence in Pakistan, but never convicted. Some of his works have been translated in other languages. Combining psychoanalysis with human behaviour, he was arguably one of the best short story tellers of the 20th century, and one of the most controversial as well. When it comes to chronicling the collective madness that prevailed in the Indian subcontinent, during and post the Partition of India in 1947, no other writer comes close to the oeuvre of Saadat Hassan Manto. We will write a custom essay sample on Saadat-Hasan-MantoWriter-of-Stark-Realities.Pdf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saadat-Hasan-MantoWriter-of-Stark-Realities.Pdf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saadat-Hasan-MantoWriter-of-Stark-Realities.Pdf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since he started his literary career translating works of literary giants, like Victor Hugo, Oscar Wilde and many Russian masters like Chekov and Gorky, their collective influence made him search for his own moorings. This search resulted in his first story, Tamasha, based on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar. Though his earlier works, influenced by the progressive writers of his times showed a marked leftist and socialist leanings, his later work progressively became stark in portraying the darkness of the human psyche, as humanist values progressively declined around the Partition. So much so that his final works that came out in the dismal social climate of post-partition Indian subcontinent and his own financial struggles reflected an innate sense of human impotency towards darkness that prevailed in the larger society, cultivating in satirism that verged on dark comedy, as seen in his final great work, Toba Tek Singh, that not just showed a direct influence of his own stay in a veritable mental asylum, but also a reflection of collective madness that he saw in the ensuing decade of his life. To add to it, his numerous court cases and societal rebukes, deepened his cynical view of society , from which he felt ever so isolated No part of human existence remain untouched or taboo for him, he sincerely brought out stories of prostitutes and pimps alike, just as he highlighted the subversive sexual slavery of the women of his times. To many contemporary women writers, his language far from being obscene brought out the women of times in realism, seen never before, and provided them with the human dignity they long deserved. Unlike his fellow luminaries, he never indulged in didacticism or romanticized his character, nor offered any judgment on his characters. No matter how macabre or immoral they might seem, he simply presented the characters in a realistic light, and left the judgment on to the readers eyes. This allows his works to be interpreted in a myriad ways, depending on the viewpoint of the reader. They would appear sensationalist or prurient to one, while exceedingly human to another. Yet it was this very non-judgmental and rather unhindered truism of his pen that put him in an opposite camp from the media censors, social prejudices and the legal system of his times, so much so that he remained banned for many years and lost out on many opportunities to earn a healthy living. Throughout the Indian subcontinent he is still known for his scathing insight into the human behaviour as well as revelation of the macabre animalistic nature of an enraged subcontinent, that stands out amidst the brevity of his prose . He is often compared with D. H. Lawrence, and like Lawrence he also wrote about the topics considered social taboos in Indo-Pakistani Society. His topics range from the socio-economic injustice prevailing in pre- and post- colonial subcontinent, to the more controversial topics of love, sex, incest, prostitution and the typical hypocrisy of a traditional sub continental male. In dealing with these topics, he doesnt take any pains to conceal the true state of the affair although his short stories are often intricately structured, with vivid satire and a good sense of humour. In chronicling the lives and tribulations of the people living in lower depths of the human existence, no writer of 20th century, came close to Manto. His concerns on the socio-political issues, from local to global level are revealed in his series, Letters to Uncle Sam, and those to Pandit Nehru. On his writing he often commented, If you find my stories dirty, the society you are living in is dirty. With my stories, I only expose the truth. In many ways his writings can be considered a precursor to the minimalist writing movement of nineties. Instead of focusing on composition, Manto created literary effect through narration of facts, often mini stories, often gritty. Characters are not defined exclusively by the way they look, but by what theyve done in their lives. Places are not described as a collection of sensory observations but as settings for events, sad, poignant, happy or otherwise. Early life and education Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www. ProfProjects. com | Page 1/2 | This page was exported from Jahane Rumi Export date: Thu Nov 18 17:11:12 2010 / +0000 GMT Saadat Hassan Manto was born in a Kashmiri Muslim family of barristers, on May 11, 1912. He received his early education at Muslim High School in Amritsar, but he remained a misfit throughout in school years, rapidly losing motivation in studies, ending up failing twice in matriculation. His only love during those days, was reading English Novels, for which he even stole a book, once from a Book-Stall in Amritsar Railway Station. In 1931, he finally passed out of school and joined Hindu Sabha College in Amritsar, which was already volatile due the independence movement, soon it reflected in his first story, Tamasha, based on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre After, his father died in 1932, he sobered up a bit to support his mother, though the big turning point in his life came, when in 1933 at age 21 he met Abdul Bari Alig, a scholar and polemic writer, in Amritsar, who encouraged to him find his true talents, and read Russian and French authors. Early career Within a matter of months Manto produced an Urdu translation of Victor Hugos The Last Days of a Condemned Man, which was published by Urdu Book Stall, Lahore as Sarguzasht-e-Aseer (A Prisoners Story).. Soon afterwards he joined the editorial staff of Masawat, a daily published from Ludhiana His 1934 Urdu translation of Oscar Wildes Vera won him due recognition amongst the literary circles. At the continued encouragement of Abdul Bari, he published a collection of Urdu translation of Russian stories as Russi Afsane. This heightened enthusiasm pushed Manto to pursue graduation at Aligarh Muslim University, which he joined in February 1934, and soon got associated with Indian Progressive Writers Association (IPWA). It was here that he met writer Ali Sardar Jafri and found a new spurt in his writing. His second story Inqlaab Pasand was published in Aligarh magazine in March 1935. There was no turning back from there, and his first collection of original short stories in Urdu, Atish Pare (Sparks; also Quarrel-Provokers), was published in 1936, at age 24. He left Aligarh within a year, initially for Lahore and ultimately for Bombay. After 1936, he moved to Bombay, where he stayed for the next few years, editing Musawwir, a monthly film magazine. He also started writing scripts and dialogues for Hindi films, including Kishan Kanhaya (1936) and Apni Nagariya (1939). Soon he was making enough money, though by the time he married Safia on 26 April, 1939, he was once again in dire financial crisis. Despite financial ups and downs he continued writing for films, till he left for Delhi in January 1941. He had accepted the job of writing for Urdu Service of All India Radio in 1941. This proved to be his most productive period, as in the next eighteen months he published over four collections of radio plays, Aao (Come), Manto ke Drame (Mantos Dramas), Janaze (Funerals) and Tin auraten (Three women). He continued to write short stories, and his next short story collection Dhuan (Smoke) was soon out, followed by Manto ke Afsane and his first collection of topical essays, Manto ke Mazamin. This period culminated with the publication of his mixed collection Afsane aur Drame in 1943. Meanwhile, due a quarrel with then director of the All India Radio, poet N. M. Rashid, he left his job and returned to Bombay in July, 1942, where he started working with film industry once again, and entered his best phase in screenwriting, giving films like Aatth Din, Chal Chal Re Naujawan and Mirza Ghalib, which was finally released in 1954 [2]. Some of his best short stories also came from this phase, including Kaali Shalwar, Dhuan (1943) and Bu which was published in Qaumi Jang (Bombay) in February 1945. Another hightlight of his second phase in Bombay was the publication of an important collection of his stories, Chugad, which also included the story Babu Gopinath [5]. He continued to stay in Bombay, till he moved to Pakistan in January 1948, much after the partition of India in 1947. Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www. ProfProjects. com | Page 2/2 |

Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs The WritePass Journal

Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs Abstract Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs AbstractIntroduction2.0   Background2.1. Bluetooth (PAN)3.0   Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability3.1  Ã‚   Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN3.2  Ã‚   Seamless Handover4.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Usage Scenario  4.1.   Interoperability Issues.5.0  Ã‚   ConclusionBibliographyRelated Abstract With the explosive growth of mobile wireless communication technologies, network integration is vital for next generation wireless networks as the different technologies available have been optimized for diverse usage models. This paper addresses the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax focusing mainly on interference and handover management. Firstly the coexistence issue of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed as they operate in the adjacent (almost overlapping) bands. Secondly a new standard aimed at providing a framework for media independent handover (MIH) among diverse networks is presented. Finally using a usage scenario, it is further shown how the MIH framework helps in the handover management taking into consideration user preference and available resources in the above named networks. Keywords: MIH; interoperability; coexistence; Introduction Wireless communication growth has been on the increase in the past years, thanks to the advantages they offer which include deployment flexibility, compatibility and user mobility during communications. Emerged technologies have been designed independently to deal with specific service types, usability domains and user categories.. The need to optimize performance led to the integration of radio access technologies to extend service availability as users expect to be globally reachable everywhere and at all times to the best network possible. For this to be feasible, access networks have to work together to enable users take full advantage of the available options (Piris et al 2009). The IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks is discussed in this paper. This standard defines three types of MIH services (event, command, and information) that facilitate the mobility management and handover decision making (lim et al 2009). The interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed from the interference and handover perspective. The problem of mutual interference between Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is analyzed using time multiplexing enabling their coexistence and to further aid their interoperability, the IEEE 802.21 standard which seamlessly enables handover (which occurs frequently due to user preference or allocated resources) among diverse networks is discussed. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 starts with a background which provides an overview of the wireless technologies considered above. In Section 3, using a collaborative technique, the coexistence problem of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed, the section   goes further on to analyze how the IEEE 802.21 standard makes possible the interoperability of the three technologies. Section 4 provides an illustrative use case that highlight the usage of the Media-Independent Handover Services standard in an integrated wireless environment and some issues associated with their interoperability is discussed. Finally, the paper ends with conclusion and future directions. 2.0   Background 2.1. Bluetooth (PAN) As stated by Bhagwat (2001), Bluetooth 1.1 is a short range wireless link technology intended for cable replacement. Bluetooth   operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. As seen in Golmie (2001), Bluetooth’s air interface is based on an antenna power of 1mW and uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) as its modulation scheme. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) divides the channel in 625 µs slot and support a data rate of 700kbps to 3Mbps. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Song et al (2007). Bluetooth uses authorization and authentication to verify users and their right to connect with each other. As indicated by Johansson et al (1999), Authentication in Bluetooth uses the challenge–response strategy and connection may require a one way, two-way or no authentication which is achieved based on the stored link key or by pairing. Traskback (2000) adds that there are three different security modes present in Bluetooth, Mode 1,2 and 3. 2.2.   Ã‚  WLAN(LAN) 802.11 is a collection of standards for implementing WLAN communication in the designated frequency bands. Currently there are about twenty two(22) amendments(Labiod et al 2007)which all adopt the media access technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).This work is focused on the 802.11g specification. Song et al (2007) indicates that 802.11g has a coverage of about 75 feets, supports the Direct squence spread spectrum and   Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signalling method to attain a maximum data rate of 54Mbps. 802.11g operates in the 2.4GHz band. Security in WLAN can be achieved by deploying an authenication mechanism as a means to WLAN access contol and providing confidentiality for wireless data by establishing encrption. The EAP-TLS which provides certificate-based authentication for WLANs, a replaced WEP as it satisfied all the required properties of authentication protocols (Tavallaee, 2007). 2.3.  Ã‚   WIMAX(WAN) Wimax operates on FCC licensed frequency range of 10 to 66GHz and unlincensed frequencies of 2 to 11GHz   and has a theoritical bandwidth and range of 75Mbps and 50Km respectively. IEEE 802.16e, the mobile version of Wimax will be considered in this paper, 802.16e works in the 2.3GHz and 2.5GHz frequency bands and uses OFDM (Zhang Chen, 2008).,the WiMAX MAC is centralized and connection-oriented unlike WLAN MAC that is distributed and connectionless (DeBeasi, 2008). Security in WiMax is based on authentication, encryption and authorization. 3.0   Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability This section analyzes a solution from the MAC layer to handle the coexistence issue between WiMax ,WLAN and Bluetooth and to further aid interoperability, discusses the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 standard which enables seamless handover among diverse networks. 3.1  Ã‚   Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN The idea is to synchronize the different protocols to ensure that their bandwidth over a shared spectrum is allocated in a time multiplexed, non-concurrent but fair way. By this, interference can be eliminated when these technologies operate in an integrated environment. Considering a usage scenario where a Mobile node(MN) uses a Bluetooth enabled wireless headset to conduct a cellular conversation, while simultaneously downloading email or browsing the Internet through the phones WiMax and WLAN air link interchangeably, Time division multiplexing is uses to mitigate interference as Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands (almost overlapping) thus causing conflict and severe performance degradation(Bitran Eshed, 2007) Firstly, the protocols are synchronized in time. A lowest common denominator is found between the different clock systems and are coordinated accordingly. WiMax time base is based on 5ms frame and Bluetooth is based on 625 µs per slot. 15ms is considered a common factor between the two system clocks during which 3 WiMax frames and 24 Bluetooth slots will be processed(Bitran Eshed, 2007). The addition of the WLAN in the coexistence scheme involves CSMA/CD which is not based on time allocations but on collision detection and the use of random back offs, ibid., p2. To minimize power consumption and to avoid interference, the WLAN   interface is set to sleep mode when it is not transmitting and have the access point buffer all its transmissions – up to a predefined buffer size. When the channel is free and it exits the sleep mode, it sends a trigger frame to the access point, who sends all its buffered data. The figure below is a solution showing how the technologies would operate in the 15ms time interval. Having synchronized the links and identified the fundamental, repetitive pattern,   it is essential to ensure that they remain synchronized throughout the concurrent operation of the links. Figure 1 illustrating time multiplexing of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax (Bitran Eshed, 2007) The Bluetooth SCO/HV3 profile defines a repetitive six slot period during which two consecutive slots are used for transmission. Because the Bluetooth interface is used in this scenario for transfer of voice, it is given preference. To avoid interruptions, the WiMax base station refrains from allocating transmission opportunities to the slots used by the Bluetooth. 3.2  Ã‚   Seamless Handover Based on user preference and available resources , the ability to switch (Seamless Handover) between the different technologies has been made possible by the IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks. This is discussed below. The IEEE 802.21 standard (media independent handover) was proposed to facilitate interoperability between IEEE 802 and non IEEE 802 technologies (Pontes et al, 2008). The 802.21 framework is called the media independent handover (MIH). MIH provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers (Ying et al, 2008). It is assumed that mobile Node has interfaces that supports all three technologies. To sustain uninterrupted user connections during handover across different networks, the handover-enabling functions (MIHF) defined by the IEEE 802.21 is logically introduced between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI network stack. The MIHF provides available information from lower layers (MAC and PHY) to the higher layers of the protocol stack which are used to make handover and link-selection decisions. Figure 2   MIH framework/architecture (Gupta et al, 2006). As seen in figure 2, The main component of the IEEE 802.21 framework is the MIHF. It provides a consolidated interface to the upper layers independent of the primary access technologies. This is made possible by three services: The Media-independent event service (MIES),the Media-independent information service (MIIS) and the Media independent command service (MICS) The MIES provides services to the upper layers   by   reporting   both   local and   remote events such as changes in link conditions, link status, and link quality. The MICS enables upper layer manage and control the parameters related to link behavior and handovers. The MICS offer commands to the upper layer, with this commands able to manage and send actions to the lower layers. The MIIS facilitates handovers by providing a mechanism for the MIHF to discover available neighboring network information within its vicinity. Hence, MIIS allows mobile nodes to check for available networks in range while using their currently active access network. 4.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Usage Scenario Considering the same scenario cited above.FMIPv6 signaling is explicitly included as the Layer 3 mobility management protocol The MN request MIIS information and constantly listens to its interfaces. Upon receiving a signal from a WLAN AP accompanied by a 802.11 link detected event from the MAC layer sent to the MIHF, the MN becomes aware of a new connectivity opportunity. The event 802.11 link is sent to the upper layer, particularly sent to FMIPv6   the management protocol which in turn contacts the handover policy engine which pre-verifies the new connection. Depending on the implemented handover policy, the MN searches for information about the new network at the MIIS (such as security, required bandwidth security etc.) Figure 3 shows the operation in detail. The upper layer executes the handover decision taking into account the user’s preference and the resources available at the new network. After the decision has been made, the FMIPv6 signaling begins as illustrated in the figure above. The MN still stays connected to the previous point of attachment to provide a make-before-break approach enabling seamless hand over. When the FMIPv6’s FNA message is received, it indicates that handover has been completed (Pontes et al, 2008). The MN handover complete message releases the resources allocated by WiMax and deactivates the interface. Figure 3 WiMax/WLAN handover using the MIH framework with Bluetooth coexistence (PONTES et al 2008)   4.1.   Interoperability Issues. Inability to control soft handovers:   In the absence of an explicit support at the upper layer, an application is unable to benefit from soft handover capabilities when moving across different networks even if soft handovers are possible at the data link layer. The migrated connection are therefore open to packet loss and performance degradation. (Hsien et al, 2004). Infrastructure Support: Current approaches proposed that Mobile IP (MIP) can handle network layer mobility is only possible if the network provider provides for a home agent. Also the effectiveness of the approaches to achieve host mobility without incurring overhead in different networks, again is limited to the specificity of the networks they are assigned for. (Ibid). Power and Interference Management: Power management becomes a challenge when diverse access networks are integrated in same device. Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands(almost overlapping) thus causing conflict End to end security: Ensuring a trusted, efficient and usage-model appropriate means of authenticating users is a key issues in cross-network connectivity. (Hurwitz Bryan, 2003) as the different network devices have different security settings. 5.0  Ã‚   Conclusion The emergence of heterogeneous wireless access technologies and their interoperability has been a major concern for future wireless systems. In this paper, the interoperability of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN have been discussed. Because no technology is good or generic enough to replace all others thus combined usage is a good approach to offer the always best connection. The coexistence of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was analyzed first, taking into consideration the fact that the operate in adjacent (almost overlapping) frequency bands, so are subject to interference. Secondly with the use of the MIH framework, the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was illustrated through a common scenario.   Some issues associated with their interoperability were also mentioned. For the future, active research should be performed in this area to completely eliminate these interoperability issues to enable users seamlessly utilize services irrespective of the network concerned for better coverage even at a low cost. Bibliography Bhagwat, P. (2001). IEEE Internet Computing. Bluetooth technology for Short-Range wireless Apps. , 5 (3), 96-103. Bitran, Y., Eshed, E. (2007, June 18). Solving the coexistence of WiMAX, Bluetooth and WiFi in converged handsets. EE Times Design . DeBeasi, P. (2008, March 24). WiMAX INTRODUCTION. Retrieved from mobileparadigm.com/my articles/200803.WiMAXPart1.pdf Golmie, N. (2001). Interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM band: Challenges and solutions.(online). Retrieved from antd.nist.gov/pubs/golmie.pdf. Golmie, N. (2009). Seamless Mobility: Are we there yet? IEEE Wireless Communications National Institute of standards and Technology Gupta, V., Williams, M. G., Johnston, D., McCann, S., Barber, P., Ohba, Y. (2006, July 18). IEEE 802.21 Overview of Standard for Media Independent Handover Services. IEEE 802 Plenary . San Diego. Han, T., Zhang, N., Liu, K., Tang, B., Liu, Y. (2008). Analysis of Mobile WiMAX Security: Vulnerabilities and Solutions. IEEE International Conference , 828. Hsien, H.-Y., Kim, K.-H., Sivakumar, R. (2004). An End-to-End approach for transparent mobility accross heterogeneous wireless networks. Mobile networks and applications , 364. Hurwitz, R., Bryan, P. (2003, November 1). The Future of wireless handsets. Retrieved 2011, from Deviceforge.com: deviceforge.com/articles/AT7085477626.html Jahansson, P., Jahansson, N., Korner, U., Jahannes, E., Svennaqs, G. (1999). 1999 IEEE International Conference Communications, 1999. ICC 99. Short range radio based ad-hoc networking: performance and properties , 3, 1414. Jokela, J., Simpson, F., Zaks, A., Zhu, J. (2007). WPAN/WLAN/WWAN Multi-Radio Coexistence. IEE 802 Plenary. Atlanta. Labiod, H., Afifi, H., Santis, C. D. (2007). WI-FI T M , BLUETOOTH T M , ZIGBEE T M A ND WIMAX TM. The Netherlands: The Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht. Lansford, J., Nevo, R., Zehav, E. (2000, Nov 7). IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). MEHTA: A method for coexistence between co-located 802.11b and Bluetooth systems . Hillsboro. Lim, W.-S., Kim, D.-W., Suh, Y.-j., Won, J.-J. (2009). mplementation and performance study of IEEE 802.21 in integrated IEEE 802.11/802.16e networks. Computer communication , 32 (1), 134-143. PONTES, A. B., SILVA, D. D., JOSÉ JAILTON, J., O. R. (2008, October 2008). HANDOVER MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED WLAN AND MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKS. IEEE Wireless Communications . Prince, J. (2006, November 12). Ensuring WLAN, Bluetooth Coexistence. Retrieved March 2011, from http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20061121/124164/ Piris, E., Pentikousi, K. (2009). IEEE 802.21: Media-Independent Handover Services. Th e I n t e r n e t P ro to c o l Jo u r n a l , 12 (2), 7-27. Song, M., Shetty, S., Gopalpet, D. (2007). Mobile Networks and Applications. Coexistence of IEEE 802.11b and bluetooth: An Integrated Performance Analysis , 12 (5), 450-459. Tavallaee, M. (2007). â€Å"An Overview of WLAN Authentication Protocols†. Technical report, Univeristy of New Brunswick. Trskbck, M. (2000). Security of Bluetooth. An overview of Bluetooth Security, Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of . Vainio, J. (2000). Bluetooth security. Proceedings of Helsinki University of Technology, Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Seminar on Internetworking: Ad Hoc Networking . Ying, W., Yun, Z., Jun, Y., Ping, Z. (2008, May 20). An Enhanced Media Independent Handover Framework for Heterogeneous Networks. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. . , 2306. Zhang, Y., Chen, H.-H. (2008). Mobile Wimax : Towards Broadband Wireless Metropolitian Area Networks. NW: Taylor and Francis group,LLC.

Using Spanish to Say Look and Watch

Using Spanish to Say 'Look' and 'Watch' Although the Spanish verbs ver and mirar can both mean to see, to look, or to watch, they usually arent interchangeable. Their differences also dont always correspond directly to the differences among the English verbs that have similar meanings. Using Ver and A Ver is commonly used in the following situations: To indicate the simple act of seeing something or someone. Vi el coche de tu madre. I saw your mothers car. No puedo ver las imgenes. I cant see the pictures. To refer to the watching of television, a play, or a movie. Queremos ver Survivor esta noche. We want to watch Survivor tonight.  ¿Vas a ver la nueva pelà ­cula de Almodà ³var? Are you going to see the new Almodà ³var film? To refer to watching a sporting event. Me gustà ³ ver el segundo partido del torneo. I enjoyed watching the second game of the tournament. To refer to the anticipation of an outcome. A very common example of this is the idiom a ver, which typically is translated as lets see or well see. A ver si podà ©is ayudarme. Lets see if you can help me. Voy a ver quà © pasa. Im going to see what happens. To indicate understanding. No veo por que hay un doble estndar. I dont see why theres a double standard. To refer to a visit with someone. Es la tercera vez que voy a verlo. Its the third time Im going to see him. Using Mirar Mirar is commonly used in the following situations: To indicate deliberate looking, rather than mere seeing. Yo te miraba de afuera. I gazed at you from afar. Miraron a la derecha y a la izquierda. They looked right and left. To indicate the orientation of something. El hotel mira al mar. The hotel faces the sea. Note that ver is conjugated irregularly. Sample Sentences Showing Uses of Ver and Mirar El hotel mira todo el movimiento en la plaza. The hotel looks over all the action in the plaza. Hay cosas que no quiero ver. There are things I dont want to see. El nià ±o habà ­a visto a uno de ellos golpear a otros compaà ±eros de escuela y lo reportà ³ a la policà ­a. The boy had seen one of them strike other classmates and reported it to the police. Cuando Galileo miraba directamente al cielo, veà ­a al brillante Venus. When Galileo looked directly at the sky, he saw the brilliant Venus. Se miraron uno a otro con admiracià ³n. They admiringly looked at each other. Cuando se vieron uno a otro ella dijo, Hola. When they saw each other, she said, Hello. No quiero ver cuando me miras.   I dont want to see when youre looking at me. Miraron hacia los cerros y vieron una zona verde iluminada por los rayos del Sol. They looked toward the hills and saw a green area illuminated by the suns rays. Other Verbs That Can Be Used for Looking or Watching Buscar usually means to look for or to seek something. Note that it is not followed by a preposition meaning for. Se dice que Juan Ponce de Leà ³n siempre buscaba la fuente de la juventud. It is said that Juan Ponce de Leà ³n was always looking for the fountain of youth. Busquemos la verdad y la hallaremos. Lets look for the truth and we will find it. Revisar is often used to refer to examining or looking over something carefully. Revisamos todos los historiales mà ©dicos. We looked over all the medical histories. En cada una de las puertas, los miembros de seguridad revisaron los papeles requeridos para el ingreso de los estudiantes. At each of the entry points, the members of the security team looked over the papers required for the students admission. Observar can be used much like observe. No pude observar nada, dado que yo me quedà © fuera en la calle. I couldnt observe anything because I was left outside on the street. Quisieron observar la ciudad de noche. They wanted to observe the city at night. Fijarse sometimes means to focus visually on something.  ¡Fà ­jate en el camino! Keep your eyes on the road! Los viajeros se fijaron en los relojes y aretes de diamantes. The travelers keep their eyes on their watches and diamond earrings.

Philosophy final paper pre-question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy final paper pre-question 2 - Essay Example Hobbes states that a state of War is inevitable provided these are the main characteristic features of the state of nature. The equal state of vulnerability among mankind makes all of us capable of harming each other, and this leads to the increase of negative vibes and fear. Moreover, relative scarcity directs us to competition. Now competition along with the absence of moral values can lead us further to a possibility of invasion and destruction of other people. Then there is rationality which further leads to a generalized notion of fear, so we are scared of everyone as all of mankind are in same situation. In this way, everyone is dragged into the scenario of violence, and this is what Hobbes describes as a state of war with a continual likelihood of violence. Further, Hobbes tries to associate the conception of the state of nature with that of a sovereign authority. The five main qualities mentioned earlier make the state involve in no cooperation among its mankind. In Hobbes’ own words, â€Å"the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.† But as there is no law or government, the question of just or unjust does not value much here. There is no common power to enforce any kind of law, which means there are no moral laws as well. That strongly indicates that men are independent with the right to use their own power to preserve themselves. But does it mean that there is a need of a sovereign authority? The conception of a sovereign is defined in general by the quality of common or mutual agreement and understanding among a group of like-minded people. But if men have the right to use their own power, then what kind of ‘right’ will the term actually be holding? So the appropriate denotation of the term ‘right’ has to be determined. But then, the concept of ‘right’ in this context also contains the notions of ‘ought’ and

Reflaction paper of conversation partener Assignment

Reflaction paper of conversation partener - Assignment Example Rachel and Yohana are extroverts. Discussing each other’s culture and religious activities have enhanced cultural understanding and strengthened personal bond. Rachel is a Christian with a loving family. She loves to celebrate all festivals with great enthusiasm. Thanksgiving is falling this week and she is very excited as she will be meeting all her relatives and friends, especially her brother whom she misses a lot. She has told me that she loves the festive season as we get to meet lots of people and have good food and partying. She is looking forward to enjoy eating turkey, which is main dish during Thanksgiving. Rachel and I have talked about social and political issues also. She has talked about having a boyfriend at the age of 14! I was shocked because in my culture, girls are not allowed to have relationships outside the marriage but they can get married after they reach 17 years of age. She is now 21 years and plans to have career before getting married. We also agreed that war is bad and that America should not send its troop to other countries to fight. It is still recovering from the recessive economy and it should use the finances to improve its economy. Moreover, teenagers are enrolled in army and sent overseas to fight other countries dirty war. This is wrong because when they ultimately come back, they often come back as damaged person. My conversations with Yohana were different in the sense that though she is American now, her parents had originally come from Salvador where civil war had forced them to flee and come to Indiana. They presently have a farm in Amish where they are raising their children. She is Spanish and enjoys going to her farm in Amish where typical Spanish cuisines are her favorite. She loves her custom and has also adapted American traditions and lifestyle. Yohana is Seventh Day Adventist which is a religion in between of the Jewishism and Christianity. She does not eat

West Bank, Gaza and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay Example for Free

West Bank, Gaza and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been very crucial in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. After the First World War, the area was under the British Mandate of Palestine. But Jordan captured West Bank in 1948 when the Arab-Israeli War commenced. By 1967, Israel recaptured the West Bank during the Six-Day War. Yet, Jordan did not drop its claim to the area until 1988. It is interesting to note that most of the residents in the area are Arabs. But since 1967, more Israeli settlement has been added. Israel’s occupation of the West Bank area is historically important because they consider this area as historically theirs. As such, they called it Judea and Samaria. The Arabs, however, object to this terminology and claims that the Israeli just want to justify their expansionist aims. As such, the Arabs call it the occupied West Bank of the Jordan River. The establishment of Israeli settlements in the West Bank area drew the ire of Arabs during the 1970s. Only in 1978 did the Arabs’ desire for self-rule taken into consideration under the Camp David Accords. The plan however never materialized. Gaza Strip on the other hand is part of the Palestinian authorities although it has been in the hands of the Israeli military since 1967 as part of the West Bank occupation. In 1987, the Arabs started rioting in response to the curfew and increased Israeli presence at the Gaza Strip. In their view, such acts were a violation of their human rights and they could not allow it to proceed. This led to the Intifada or uprising, which led to protests and violent attacks. The Israeli military responded with force leading to deaths and property damages. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank figure prominently in the security concerns of Israel. In the first place, the occupation of Gaza Strip was tied up to the efforts of Israel to cut off the support of Lebanon to Palestinian fighters. The occupation was a means to stem the attacks against Jerusalem and serve as a watching post should there be renewed violence and fighting directed against the country, which stands as an island in a sea of Arab nations. As Israel continued to occupy the Gaza Strip and West Bank, it went through painful confrontations, peace talks—some of which succeeded, most of it failed. Yet, with the continuous assertion of Palestinians of their right to the territory and the civilian toll of the conflicts, Israel had to agree to the terms of various peace talks in withdrawing from the territory and relinquish control to Palestinians. In the year 2005, the Israeli government declared unilaterally that it has ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip. Due to the continuous dangers posed on the civilians and perhaps because of the heavy damages caused by war, the government has chosen this course of action. Still, the case of West Bank and Gaza Strip is peculiar because of the lack of sovereignty of the area prior to the occupation of Israel. Yet, with the withdrawal of Israel from the region, the country still holds control of Philadelphi Route, which is important in preventing the smuggling of materials into Egypt. The main concern of Israel remains its security and the prevention of hostilities. Reference Dowty, Alan (2001). The Jewish State: A Century Later. California: University of California Press.

Singapore Casino :: essays research papers

Casino gambling has been legalised in Singapore. Give economic arguments for and against legalisation. There has been much debate in Singapore both amongst the politicians, religious leaders, senior people in the community, and the lay people at large. It is a hot topic. But, the decision has finally been made, the casino will be built. There are many arguments both for and against building a casino. The government, which is for, cites the economic advantages and everyone who is against cites the social impact the casino will have. Arguments FOR the casino The government’s main argument for the casino is increased revenue leading to a boost in the economy. Currently, Singapore’s revenue comes from high tech electronics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and finance. These industries are starting to slow. According to Reuters Singapore employment in the manufacturing sector has dropped 9% since 1990. In 2004, 14 per 1,000 were laid off in the manufacturing sector and 8.5 per 1,000 in the services sector. The government’s alternative has been to reverse a 4 decade ban on casino’s to help the Singapore economy. The majority of the focus in the long term is from tourism and the flow on effects of tourism such as hospitality, food, retail, taxi, conventions and aviation. The government fears that a steady decline in tourism is already happening. The Prime Minister in his ministerial statement on April 18 2005 said: â€Å"First, we are losing ground in tourism. Tourism in Asia is growing phenomenally, especially the traffic from China and India. Singapore’s tourist numbers are up too, but we see warning signs of problems ahead. Our market share is declining (from 8% in the Asia Pacific region in 1998 to 6% in 2002). Tourists are spending less time in Singapore. They used to stay an average of about 4 days in 1991, but now they stay only for 3 days. In contrast, on average, they are staying for about 4 days in Hong Kong, 5 days in London and almost a week in New York City. We are losing attractiveness as a tourist destination†. In 2004, Singapore earned US$6 billion from 8.3 million tourists. Tourism currently accounts for 3% of Singapore’s GDP, it needs to be at 7% if it is to be a real growth driver. By 2015, Singapore is aiming at 17 million tourists which alone will bring in US$18 billion. It is predicted that by 2010, Asians will spend $23 billion on gambling, and Singapore wants it share.

Moth Man

Sarah Lyon October 22, 2008 Informative speech Comm. 103 T/R 200-315 The Moth man Lives Topic: The Moth man of Point pleasant West Virginia General Purpose: To provide information on the actual Mothman occurrences In point pleasant West Virginia. Specific purpose: To inform my class to the truth behind the movie the moth man prophecies and let them hear the err tale of the hauntings that are so close to our campus. I. Thesis: The Mothman proposes is a legend about a human side bird like creature that has been linked to many deaths over the years in point pleasant west Virginia.Organizational pattern Attention grabber: Im the type of person that loves Urban legends and when from the moment that I got to Marshall’s campus I wanted to find one. And then the hunt began, I searched and I found The Moth man. Most of you are problem familiar with him from the movie the mothman prophecies. However the story doesn’t end when the final credits started to roll. II. Background: In the early 1900's, an area outside Point Pleasant was designated the McClintic Wildlife Preserve. It was, among other things, a bird sanctuary.As part of the World War II war effort, part of the preserve was ripped up and converted to a munitions dump where about 100 cement and steel â€Å"igloos† were built to house wartime explosives. These were later sold off to a variety of gunpowder, chemical and even bio-chemical companies. This area soon became known to the locals simply as the T. N. T. , and later became a popular hangout where young people would â€Å"park† and have parties. This is the area where many of the Mothman sightings occurred. III.Relevance: All of the sighting of The Mothman have been linked significantly to deaths around point plesant including the collapse of the silver bridge that killed 46. IV. Establish credibility: Now I’d like to tell you that The Mothman is just a figment of our imagination and that we live in the safe state of West Vi rginia where nothing bad ever happens, but I’d be lying to you. He has been linked to hundreds of deaths across our great state and there have been similar stories all over the world of a bird like mythical creature that brings about death. V.Thesis/preview: The Moth man prophecies are not just a subject tile for a popular thriller movie but a real life urban legend that exists here in west Virginia. He has been linked to hundreds of deaths and the great silver bridge collapsing. Transition: Even though it is hard to believe that a bird like man is responsible for killings around the entire state it is common knowledge that animals affected by strong chemicals can have strange mutations. Body I. How are the deaths linked to The Moth man? A. Prior to every death, reports of seeing a birdlike man with red eyes were sighted. . â€Å"In the summer of 1966, sightings began to take place around the Ohio River. One woman reported seeing something looking like a giant butterfly, abo ut six feet long. On another evening a group of gravediggers saw what they described as a â€Å"brown human being† fly out of the trees. Later that November a man in Salem, West Virginia saw two red objects hovering over a field. His German Sheppard took off after the objects and was never seen again. †(http://www. otherplane. com/am/ammothman. htm). 2. â€Å"It was shaped like a man, but bigger. Maybe six and a half or seven feet tall.And it had big wings folded against its back† Roger Scar berry told reporters. â€Å"But it was those eyes that got us. It had two big eyes like automobile reflectors,† added Linda Scar berry. â€Å"They were hypnotic. For a minute, we could only stare at it. I couldn’t take my eyes off it. † (http://www. ufocasebook. com/themothman. html) B. The movie, The Moth man Prophecies is a semi-fictional account of a reporter who â€Å"solved† the story of the moth man. 1. In the film the reporter finds himself entranced by the legend when his wife has mysteriously died suddenly after a car accident. 2.He gets in his car after her death and arrives by accident in Point Pleasant west Virginia. 3. He becomes friends with the locals and starts to invest the eerie phenomenon that is engulfing their quiet American town. Transition: The movie was good at explaining what happened as far as the deaths due to the mothman but did not go into great details about how The Moth man was actually created. II. The story A. during WWII an area of Point Pleasant was inhabited by â€Å"igloos† that were used to manufactory Trinitrotoluene (TNT). The â€Å"igloos† housed the TNT until it was needed to be sent for war efforts B.The Igloos were sealed and had been hidden, the EPA said that there was no way they could have leaked out any of the chemical, however many choose to believe otherwise. C. The area is now known to locals as the TNT area. It is a recreational area for locals as well as a pla ce where teenagers tend to hang out and party. Conclusion I. Restatement of thesis: Despite common held beliefs that the moth man is just a creature that haunted the town of point pleasant wv, he is actually a bird preserve inhabitant that was destroyed by the efforts of WWII.He will still haunt the town of point pleasant forever because he is linked to over one hundred deaths but as we can see, we have no concrete evidence to show this.Bibilography: â€Å"OTHERPLANE: Ancient myth paranormal mothman. † OTHERPLANE. Otherplane. com. 22 Oct. 2008 ;lt;http:/http://www. otherplane. com/am/ammothman. htm;gt;. â€Å"The mothman souce: chapter 1. † The mothman legend. Ufobooks. 22 Oct. 2008 ;lt;http:/http://www. ufocasebook. com/themothman. html;gt;.

Origin of Science and the Crusade

But when we look at the history of the world Egyptian, Greeks, Roman, Persian, Mongolia, Saracen, British, Dutch, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and any others had been the super power in different periods of the history. Yet when we talk anybody about a scientific Inventions and discoveries or major leap In the scientific development most tent to point their fingers towards the Europe if It Is before 18th century and towards the USA if it is after 1 9th century. This sort of behavior is deep down in our minds. But is this correct?If so, why the non-European nations were super power? For this I think we have to take a Journey in the history of Science from the early Egyptians. In this short article I would like to take an excursion bout the origins of science, where there the history had been littered with many manipulation and misconception. According to many in the world the science was begun by Greeks and was developed by the post renaissance Europe. As the same time all the great cu ltures like Persian, Egyptian, Chinese and Indian had no clue regarding the science.But when we look at the history of these civilizations we can understand how developed they were in the history. Egyptians were one of the early races before Greeks who were developed in the Science. They were well versed In anatomy (for art), astronomy and astrology, which ere inseparably linked in ancient Egypt, biology and veterinary medicine, chemistry, geography, geology, history, law, geometry, medicine, mineralogy, pedagogy(education), philosophy, physics, sociology and theology [1]. Irrigation scheme of Nile, tall standing pyramids and the mummies are some example of scientific feat of the Egyptians.Geometry was applied in the Egypt for tax purposes before the so called Euclid of Greece wrote the book of The Elements. Here comes another manipulation of History again in the form of Euclid. Many text books refer Euclid was a white male eventually from Greece and ivied in Alexandria around three century B. C. But no such person was alive on this mother earth. The author of this book is a black woman from Alexandria who lived around fifth century C. E. [2] From these arguments we can assure that the Greek were not the first one to begin the Science.Now let's consider the development of Science. If we consider the manipulated version of the science history, we get a wide blank span of time from the Greek civilization to the renaissance Europe. Where were the text and the sources of these scientific theorems and formulae? Were they 2 Origin of Science and the crusades I Mohamed Gammy Shifter_209110164 buried in the Mount Olympus? No. They were translated taken into custody by another civilization which have contributed to the many of the scientific development and not credited to it.Yes it was taken into the custody by Islamic Civilization. They hold these texts of Greek until the crusades [2]. The west claims that the Muslim merely translated the works of Greek and preserved it. They never did develop the ideas in the text. This argument is absurd. The Muslims practically ruled from the shore Atlantic Ocean to the boarders of China. And they Just preserved these texts which cost a fortune with the papyrus technology. Many books from Baghdad Library were destroyed by the invasion of Mongols over Jeremiah on 13th century C. E.But the contributions of All Bin Sins (Vicuà ±a) – whose â€Å"The Book of Healing† was text book for medicine in many medieval universities[3], Legalize Bin al Haitian, Jabber bin Hays, AAA Affair, Muhammad bin Carrying al Razz, Bin al-Naifs were inevitable in the scientific history. All bin Shall Arabian al-Tabor was an Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist of Zoroastrian descent, who produced one of the first encyclopedias of medicine. Even the number system we used today was introduced systems Let's have brief a look on the other civilizations which contributed to the science.Like the crest on the peacocks h ead, like the gem in the cobra's hood, so stands mathematics Oat the head of all the sciences. Vided literature of Indian Culture is replete with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibniz and Newton. Algebraic theories was developed by Rapacity who lived in 5th century C. E. ND another mathematician Backbencher's was the first to was the first to conceive of differential calculus in 12th century. Most of us are familiar with Roman numerals.Think you are sitting in a class doing Calculus using Roman numerals. You are going to write 1788 in Roman numerals it will be ANTICLIMACTIC. You even can't think of doing calculus by using this number system. From this we can conclude that calculus was not developed or used in early Europe. Ancient Indian's development in chemistry was also in a higher level and used in a variety of practical activities. In any early civilization, m etallurgy has remained an activity central to all civilizations from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, to all other civilizations that followed Indian achieved the higher level of metallurgy.By the side of Stub Minor in New Delhi, there is an iron pillar erected during Array Guppy period around 500 AD. This pillar is 7. 32 meters tall, and has a circumference of 40 CM in the bottom and 30 CM at the top. It has been standing in the open for last 1500 years, withstanding the wind, heat and weather, but still has not rusted, except minor natural erosion. This kind of rust proof iron (steel) was discovered very few decades fore by mixing carbon with iron [4]. 3 In addition, the Chinese Dynasty in the Far East was producing gunpowder, paper and establishing printing presses.Moreover, the Calendar system was introduced by Amman civilization that is very famous for predicting apocalypse of the earth. From the above arguments, one can conclude that science was not only originated from Greece and it originated universally. Then how did the story â€Å"Science was originated in Greece† came into play? Moreover, where was it originated? These questions can be answered in two simple words â€Å"Church† and â€Å"Power†. From the time hen the state and the church merge, Church initiated the program of distorting history to promote its power.This technology of falsehood was now applied to â€Å"manage† common perceptions[5]. During the crusades, church captured many text and tent to use them. But theological aspects would not allow them to use a Muslim knowledge. Therefore, they manipulated their people by saying that the knowledge Arab had was belonged to Greeks. Arabs Just preserved it. This story enabled the universities in Europe to use translated Arabic books without contradicting their theology. But on the Arabs side, it was a different story.They built Batty al Hickman (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad; they gathered knowledge from all over the world, including India, Persia and China. They certainly did not restrict themselves to Greek Arabs only had sources to Greeks. So all the knowledge which was acquired from Batty al Hickman in Baghdad became the Greeks, So did all the scientific inventions and discoveries. This theory is being promoted by many scholars of the present too. Here is an example from Lost in the Cosmos by Walker Percy â€Å". .As Whitehead pointed out, it is no coincidence that science sprang, not from Ionian metaphysics, not from theBrahmins-Buddhist-Taoist East, not from the Exceptionally astrological South, but from the heart of the Christian West, that although Galileo fell out with the Church, he would hardly have taken so much trouble studying Jupiter and dropping objects from towers if the reality and value and order of things had not first been conferred by belief in the Incarnation. † [6]. So anyone from any country has the right to say that their ancestors were also one of the pioneers o f the science. It is time stand up against the â€Å"West only theory'. The Europeans not only colonized our countries but also our education system.They left our countries long ago. Now it is time to decolonize our education system. And the way we think. 4 References [1]Dunn. Ancient Egyptian Science retrieved from http://www. Torturers. Net/ featureless/sciences . HTML [2] Raja, C. K. Euclid and Jesus. Multiversity. [3] http://www. Evangelicalism. Org/ [4] Science, Medicine, Technology in Ancient India retrieved from http:// www. Crystalline. Com/indecencies. HTML [5] Raja, C. K. Is science western in origin?. Multiversity. [6] Percy, W. Lost in the Cosmos retrieved from http://www. Columbia. Deed/cue/Augustine/a/science_origin. HTML 5

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament Beginning with the October 2015 federal election, there will be 338 members of parliament in the Canadian House of Commons. They are elected in a general election, which is usually called every four or five years, or in a by-election when a seat in the House of Commons becomes empty due to resignation or death. Representing Constituents in Parliament Members of parliament represent the regional and local concerns of the constituents in their ridings (also called electoral districts) in the House of Commons. Members of parliament solve problems for constituents on a wide variety of federal government matters - from checking on individual problems with federal government departments to providing information on federal government programs and policies. Members of parliament also maintain a high profile in their ridings and take part in local events and official functions there. Making Laws While it is public servants and cabinet ministers who have direct responsibility for drafting new legislation, members of parliament can influence legislation through debates in the House of Commons and during all-party committee meetings to examine legislation. Even though members of parliament are expected to toe the party line, both substantive and fine-tuning amendments to legislation are often made at committee stage. Votes on legislation in the House of Commons are usually a formality following party lines but can be of significant strategic importance during a minority government. Members of parliament can also introduce legislation of their own, called private members bills, however it is rare that a private members bill passes. Watchdogs on Government Canadian members of parliament can influence federal government policy by participating in House of Commons committees which review federal government department activities and spending, as well as legislation. Government members of parliament also raise policy issues in caucus meetings of members of parliament of their own party and can lobby cabinet ministers. Members of parliament in opposition parties use the daily Question Period in the House of Commons to raise issues of concern and bring them to the attention of the public. Party Supporters A member of parliament usually supports a political party and plays a role in the operation of the party. A few members of parliament may sit as independents and do not have party responsibilities. Offices Members of parliament maintain two offices with corresponding staff - one on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and one in the constituency. Cabinet ministers also maintain an office and staff in the departments for which they are responsible.

A Guide to Installing Microsoft Access 2010

A Guide to Installing Microsoft Access 2010 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access 2010 is still a popular database software in use today. Access 2010 introduced a version of the ACCDB file format that supported SharePoint, which allowed support for the Mac through a browser for the first time. New in Access 2010 was the Backstage view through which you can access all the commands for an entire database. The ribbon and navigation pane, which was introduced in Access 2007, is in Access 2010.   Benefits of Access 2010 Enhanced securityImproved spell checkerSharePoint supportNew user interfaceImproved data presentation How to Install Access 2010 The Access installation process is straightforward. Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 500 MHz or faster processor with 256MB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up to date. Youll need Windows XP SP3 or later to run Access 2010. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing Access.Insert the Office CD into your CD-ROM drive. The installation process begins automatically and asks you to wait while the system prepares the Installation Wizard.The next step of the process prompts you to enter your product key and accept the terms of the license agreement.If youd like to install the entire Office suite or youre using an Access-only CD, you can choose Install Now on the next screen. If you want to customize your installation, click Customize instead.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so. After you install Access 2010, visit the Microsoft website for video tutorials on the software.