Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs The WritePass Journal

Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs Abstract Interoperability of PANs, LANs and WANs AbstractIntroduction2.0   Background2.1. Bluetooth (PAN)3.0   Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability3.1  Ã‚   Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN3.2  Ã‚   Seamless Handover4.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Usage Scenario  4.1.   Interoperability Issues.5.0  Ã‚   ConclusionBibliographyRelated Abstract With the explosive growth of mobile wireless communication technologies, network integration is vital for next generation wireless networks as the different technologies available have been optimized for diverse usage models. This paper addresses the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax focusing mainly on interference and handover management. Firstly the coexistence issue of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed as they operate in the adjacent (almost overlapping) bands. Secondly a new standard aimed at providing a framework for media independent handover (MIH) among diverse networks is presented. Finally using a usage scenario, it is further shown how the MIH framework helps in the handover management taking into consideration user preference and available resources in the above named networks. Keywords: MIH; interoperability; coexistence; Introduction Wireless communication growth has been on the increase in the past years, thanks to the advantages they offer which include deployment flexibility, compatibility and user mobility during communications. Emerged technologies have been designed independently to deal with specific service types, usability domains and user categories.. The need to optimize performance led to the integration of radio access technologies to extend service availability as users expect to be globally reachable everywhere and at all times to the best network possible. For this to be feasible, access networks have to work together to enable users take full advantage of the available options (Piris et al 2009). The IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks is discussed in this paper. This standard defines three types of MIH services (event, command, and information) that facilitate the mobility management and handover decision making (lim et al 2009). The interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed from the interference and handover perspective. The problem of mutual interference between Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is analyzed using time multiplexing enabling their coexistence and to further aid their interoperability, the IEEE 802.21 standard which seamlessly enables handover (which occurs frequently due to user preference or allocated resources) among diverse networks is discussed. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 starts with a background which provides an overview of the wireless technologies considered above. In Section 3, using a collaborative technique, the coexistence problem of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax is addressed, the section   goes further on to analyze how the IEEE 802.21 standard makes possible the interoperability of the three technologies. Section 4 provides an illustrative use case that highlight the usage of the Media-Independent Handover Services standard in an integrated wireless environment and some issues associated with their interoperability is discussed. Finally, the paper ends with conclusion and future directions. 2.0   Background 2.1. Bluetooth (PAN) As stated by Bhagwat (2001), Bluetooth 1.1 is a short range wireless link technology intended for cable replacement. Bluetooth   operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. As seen in Golmie (2001), Bluetooth’s air interface is based on an antenna power of 1mW and uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) as its modulation scheme. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) divides the channel in 625 µs slot and support a data rate of 700kbps to 3Mbps. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Song et al (2007). Bluetooth uses authorization and authentication to verify users and their right to connect with each other. As indicated by Johansson et al (1999), Authentication in Bluetooth uses the challenge–response strategy and connection may require a one way, two-way or no authentication which is achieved based on the stored link key or by pairing. Traskback (2000) adds that there are three different security modes present in Bluetooth, Mode 1,2 and 3. 2.2.   Ã‚  WLAN(LAN) 802.11 is a collection of standards for implementing WLAN communication in the designated frequency bands. Currently there are about twenty two(22) amendments(Labiod et al 2007)which all adopt the media access technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).This work is focused on the 802.11g specification. Song et al (2007) indicates that 802.11g has a coverage of about 75 feets, supports the Direct squence spread spectrum and   Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signalling method to attain a maximum data rate of 54Mbps. 802.11g operates in the 2.4GHz band. Security in WLAN can be achieved by deploying an authenication mechanism as a means to WLAN access contol and providing confidentiality for wireless data by establishing encrption. The EAP-TLS which provides certificate-based authentication for WLANs, a replaced WEP as it satisfied all the required properties of authentication protocols (Tavallaee, 2007). 2.3.  Ã‚   WIMAX(WAN) Wimax operates on FCC licensed frequency range of 10 to 66GHz and unlincensed frequencies of 2 to 11GHz   and has a theoritical bandwidth and range of 75Mbps and 50Km respectively. IEEE 802.16e, the mobile version of Wimax will be considered in this paper, 802.16e works in the 2.3GHz and 2.5GHz frequency bands and uses OFDM (Zhang Chen, 2008).,the WiMAX MAC is centralized and connection-oriented unlike WLAN MAC that is distributed and connectionless (DeBeasi, 2008). Security in WiMax is based on authentication, encryption and authorization. 3.0   Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax Interoperability This section analyzes a solution from the MAC layer to handle the coexistence issue between WiMax ,WLAN and Bluetooth and to further aid interoperability, discusses the implementation of the IEEE 802.21 standard which enables seamless handover among diverse networks. 3.1  Ã‚   Solution to the coexistence problem of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN The idea is to synchronize the different protocols to ensure that their bandwidth over a shared spectrum is allocated in a time multiplexed, non-concurrent but fair way. By this, interference can be eliminated when these technologies operate in an integrated environment. Considering a usage scenario where a Mobile node(MN) uses a Bluetooth enabled wireless headset to conduct a cellular conversation, while simultaneously downloading email or browsing the Internet through the phones WiMax and WLAN air link interchangeably, Time division multiplexing is uses to mitigate interference as Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands (almost overlapping) thus causing conflict and severe performance degradation(Bitran Eshed, 2007) Firstly, the protocols are synchronized in time. A lowest common denominator is found between the different clock systems and are coordinated accordingly. WiMax time base is based on 5ms frame and Bluetooth is based on 625 µs per slot. 15ms is considered a common factor between the two system clocks during which 3 WiMax frames and 24 Bluetooth slots will be processed(Bitran Eshed, 2007). The addition of the WLAN in the coexistence scheme involves CSMA/CD which is not based on time allocations but on collision detection and the use of random back offs, ibid., p2. To minimize power consumption and to avoid interference, the WLAN   interface is set to sleep mode when it is not transmitting and have the access point buffer all its transmissions – up to a predefined buffer size. When the channel is free and it exits the sleep mode, it sends a trigger frame to the access point, who sends all its buffered data. The figure below is a solution showing how the technologies would operate in the 15ms time interval. Having synchronized the links and identified the fundamental, repetitive pattern,   it is essential to ensure that they remain synchronized throughout the concurrent operation of the links. Figure 1 illustrating time multiplexing of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax (Bitran Eshed, 2007) The Bluetooth SCO/HV3 profile defines a repetitive six slot period during which two consecutive slots are used for transmission. Because the Bluetooth interface is used in this scenario for transfer of voice, it is given preference. To avoid interruptions, the WiMax base station refrains from allocating transmission opportunities to the slots used by the Bluetooth. 3.2  Ã‚   Seamless Handover Based on user preference and available resources , the ability to switch (Seamless Handover) between the different technologies has been made possible by the IEEE 802.21 standard which provides a framework for Media-Independent Handover (MIH) in diverse networks. This is discussed below. The IEEE 802.21 standard (media independent handover) was proposed to facilitate interoperability between IEEE 802 and non IEEE 802 technologies (Pontes et al, 2008). The 802.21 framework is called the media independent handover (MIH). MIH provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimize handovers (Ying et al, 2008). It is assumed that mobile Node has interfaces that supports all three technologies. To sustain uninterrupted user connections during handover across different networks, the handover-enabling functions (MIHF) defined by the IEEE 802.21 is logically introduced between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI network stack. The MIHF provides available information from lower layers (MAC and PHY) to the higher layers of the protocol stack which are used to make handover and link-selection decisions. Figure 2   MIH framework/architecture (Gupta et al, 2006). As seen in figure 2, The main component of the IEEE 802.21 framework is the MIHF. It provides a consolidated interface to the upper layers independent of the primary access technologies. This is made possible by three services: The Media-independent event service (MIES),the Media-independent information service (MIIS) and the Media independent command service (MICS) The MIES provides services to the upper layers   by   reporting   both   local and   remote events such as changes in link conditions, link status, and link quality. The MICS enables upper layer manage and control the parameters related to link behavior and handovers. The MICS offer commands to the upper layer, with this commands able to manage and send actions to the lower layers. The MIIS facilitates handovers by providing a mechanism for the MIHF to discover available neighboring network information within its vicinity. Hence, MIIS allows mobile nodes to check for available networks in range while using their currently active access network. 4.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Usage Scenario Considering the same scenario cited above.FMIPv6 signaling is explicitly included as the Layer 3 mobility management protocol The MN request MIIS information and constantly listens to its interfaces. Upon receiving a signal from a WLAN AP accompanied by a 802.11 link detected event from the MAC layer sent to the MIHF, the MN becomes aware of a new connectivity opportunity. The event 802.11 link is sent to the upper layer, particularly sent to FMIPv6   the management protocol which in turn contacts the handover policy engine which pre-verifies the new connection. Depending on the implemented handover policy, the MN searches for information about the new network at the MIIS (such as security, required bandwidth security etc.) Figure 3 shows the operation in detail. The upper layer executes the handover decision taking into account the user’s preference and the resources available at the new network. After the decision has been made, the FMIPv6 signaling begins as illustrated in the figure above. The MN still stays connected to the previous point of attachment to provide a make-before-break approach enabling seamless hand over. When the FMIPv6’s FNA message is received, it indicates that handover has been completed (Pontes et al, 2008). The MN handover complete message releases the resources allocated by WiMax and deactivates the interface. Figure 3 WiMax/WLAN handover using the MIH framework with Bluetooth coexistence (PONTES et al 2008)   4.1.   Interoperability Issues. Inability to control soft handovers:   In the absence of an explicit support at the upper layer, an application is unable to benefit from soft handover capabilities when moving across different networks even if soft handovers are possible at the data link layer. The migrated connection are therefore open to packet loss and performance degradation. (Hsien et al, 2004). Infrastructure Support: Current approaches proposed that Mobile IP (MIP) can handle network layer mobility is only possible if the network provider provides for a home agent. Also the effectiveness of the approaches to achieve host mobility without incurring overhead in different networks, again is limited to the specificity of the networks they are assigned for. (Ibid). Power and Interference Management: Power management becomes a challenge when diverse access networks are integrated in same device. Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax(band class 2 and 3) operate at adjacent frequencies bands(almost overlapping) thus causing conflict End to end security: Ensuring a trusted, efficient and usage-model appropriate means of authenticating users is a key issues in cross-network connectivity. (Hurwitz Bryan, 2003) as the different network devices have different security settings. 5.0  Ã‚   Conclusion The emergence of heterogeneous wireless access technologies and their interoperability has been a major concern for future wireless systems. In this paper, the interoperability of WiMax, Bluetooth and WLAN have been discussed. Because no technology is good or generic enough to replace all others thus combined usage is a good approach to offer the always best connection. The coexistence of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was analyzed first, taking into consideration the fact that the operate in adjacent (almost overlapping) frequency bands, so are subject to interference. Secondly with the use of the MIH framework, the interoperability of Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMax was illustrated through a common scenario.   Some issues associated with their interoperability were also mentioned. For the future, active research should be performed in this area to completely eliminate these interoperability issues to enable users seamlessly utilize services irrespective of the network concerned for better coverage even at a low cost. Bibliography Bhagwat, P. (2001). IEEE Internet Computing. Bluetooth technology for Short-Range wireless Apps. , 5 (3), 96-103. Bitran, Y., Eshed, E. (2007, June 18). Solving the coexistence of WiMAX, Bluetooth and WiFi in converged handsets. EE Times Design . DeBeasi, P. (2008, March 24). WiMAX INTRODUCTION. Retrieved from mobileparadigm.com/my articles/200803.WiMAXPart1.pdf Golmie, N. (2001). Interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM band: Challenges and solutions.(online). Retrieved from antd.nist.gov/pubs/golmie.pdf. Golmie, N. (2009). Seamless Mobility: Are we there yet? IEEE Wireless Communications National Institute of standards and Technology Gupta, V., Williams, M. G., Johnston, D., McCann, S., Barber, P., Ohba, Y. (2006, July 18). IEEE 802.21 Overview of Standard for Media Independent Handover Services. IEEE 802 Plenary . San Diego. Han, T., Zhang, N., Liu, K., Tang, B., Liu, Y. (2008). Analysis of Mobile WiMAX Security: Vulnerabilities and Solutions. IEEE International Conference , 828. Hsien, H.-Y., Kim, K.-H., Sivakumar, R. (2004). An End-to-End approach for transparent mobility accross heterogeneous wireless networks. Mobile networks and applications , 364. Hurwitz, R., Bryan, P. (2003, November 1). The Future of wireless handsets. Retrieved 2011, from Deviceforge.com: deviceforge.com/articles/AT7085477626.html Jahansson, P., Jahansson, N., Korner, U., Jahannes, E., Svennaqs, G. (1999). 1999 IEEE International Conference Communications, 1999. ICC 99. Short range radio based ad-hoc networking: performance and properties , 3, 1414. Jokela, J., Simpson, F., Zaks, A., Zhu, J. (2007). WPAN/WLAN/WWAN Multi-Radio Coexistence. IEE 802 Plenary. Atlanta. Labiod, H., Afifi, H., Santis, C. D. (2007). WI-FI T M , BLUETOOTH T M , ZIGBEE T M A ND WIMAX TM. The Netherlands: The Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht. Lansford, J., Nevo, R., Zehav, E. (2000, Nov 7). IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). MEHTA: A method for coexistence between co-located 802.11b and Bluetooth systems . Hillsboro. Lim, W.-S., Kim, D.-W., Suh, Y.-j., Won, J.-J. (2009). mplementation and performance study of IEEE 802.21 in integrated IEEE 802.11/802.16e networks. Computer communication , 32 (1), 134-143. PONTES, A. B., SILVA, D. D., JOSÉ JAILTON, J., O. R. (2008, October 2008). HANDOVER MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED WLAN AND MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKS. IEEE Wireless Communications . Prince, J. (2006, November 12). Ensuring WLAN, Bluetooth Coexistence. Retrieved March 2011, from http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20061121/124164/ Piris, E., Pentikousi, K. (2009). IEEE 802.21: Media-Independent Handover Services. Th e I n t e r n e t P ro to c o l Jo u r n a l , 12 (2), 7-27. Song, M., Shetty, S., Gopalpet, D. (2007). Mobile Networks and Applications. Coexistence of IEEE 802.11b and bluetooth: An Integrated Performance Analysis , 12 (5), 450-459. Tavallaee, M. (2007). â€Å"An Overview of WLAN Authentication Protocols†. Technical report, Univeristy of New Brunswick. Trskbck, M. (2000). Security of Bluetooth. An overview of Bluetooth Security, Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of . Vainio, J. (2000). Bluetooth security. Proceedings of Helsinki University of Technology, Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Seminar on Internetworking: Ad Hoc Networking . Ying, W., Yun, Z., Jun, Y., Ping, Z. (2008, May 20). An Enhanced Media Independent Handover Framework for Heterogeneous Networks. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. . , 2306. Zhang, Y., Chen, H.-H. (2008). Mobile Wimax : Towards Broadband Wireless Metropolitian Area Networks. NW: Taylor and Francis group,LLC.

Using Spanish to Say Look and Watch

Using Spanish to Say 'Look' and 'Watch' Although the Spanish verbs ver and mirar can both mean to see, to look, or to watch, they usually arent interchangeable. Their differences also dont always correspond directly to the differences among the English verbs that have similar meanings. Using Ver and A Ver is commonly used in the following situations: To indicate the simple act of seeing something or someone. Vi el coche de tu madre. I saw your mothers car. No puedo ver las imgenes. I cant see the pictures. To refer to the watching of television, a play, or a movie. Queremos ver Survivor esta noche. We want to watch Survivor tonight.  ¿Vas a ver la nueva pelà ­cula de Almodà ³var? Are you going to see the new Almodà ³var film? To refer to watching a sporting event. Me gustà ³ ver el segundo partido del torneo. I enjoyed watching the second game of the tournament. To refer to the anticipation of an outcome. A very common example of this is the idiom a ver, which typically is translated as lets see or well see. A ver si podà ©is ayudarme. Lets see if you can help me. Voy a ver quà © pasa. Im going to see what happens. To indicate understanding. No veo por que hay un doble estndar. I dont see why theres a double standard. To refer to a visit with someone. Es la tercera vez que voy a verlo. Its the third time Im going to see him. Using Mirar Mirar is commonly used in the following situations: To indicate deliberate looking, rather than mere seeing. Yo te miraba de afuera. I gazed at you from afar. Miraron a la derecha y a la izquierda. They looked right and left. To indicate the orientation of something. El hotel mira al mar. The hotel faces the sea. Note that ver is conjugated irregularly. Sample Sentences Showing Uses of Ver and Mirar El hotel mira todo el movimiento en la plaza. The hotel looks over all the action in the plaza. Hay cosas que no quiero ver. There are things I dont want to see. El nià ±o habà ­a visto a uno de ellos golpear a otros compaà ±eros de escuela y lo reportà ³ a la policà ­a. The boy had seen one of them strike other classmates and reported it to the police. Cuando Galileo miraba directamente al cielo, veà ­a al brillante Venus. When Galileo looked directly at the sky, he saw the brilliant Venus. Se miraron uno a otro con admiracià ³n. They admiringly looked at each other. Cuando se vieron uno a otro ella dijo, Hola. When they saw each other, she said, Hello. No quiero ver cuando me miras.   I dont want to see when youre looking at me. Miraron hacia los cerros y vieron una zona verde iluminada por los rayos del Sol. They looked toward the hills and saw a green area illuminated by the suns rays. Other Verbs That Can Be Used for Looking or Watching Buscar usually means to look for or to seek something. Note that it is not followed by a preposition meaning for. Se dice que Juan Ponce de Leà ³n siempre buscaba la fuente de la juventud. It is said that Juan Ponce de Leà ³n was always looking for the fountain of youth. Busquemos la verdad y la hallaremos. Lets look for the truth and we will find it. Revisar is often used to refer to examining or looking over something carefully. Revisamos todos los historiales mà ©dicos. We looked over all the medical histories. En cada una de las puertas, los miembros de seguridad revisaron los papeles requeridos para el ingreso de los estudiantes. At each of the entry points, the members of the security team looked over the papers required for the students admission. Observar can be used much like observe. No pude observar nada, dado que yo me quedà © fuera en la calle. I couldnt observe anything because I was left outside on the street. Quisieron observar la ciudad de noche. They wanted to observe the city at night. Fijarse sometimes means to focus visually on something.  ¡Fà ­jate en el camino! Keep your eyes on the road! Los viajeros se fijaron en los relojes y aretes de diamantes. The travelers keep their eyes on their watches and diamond earrings.

Philosophy final paper pre-question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy final paper pre-question 2 - Essay Example Hobbes states that a state of War is inevitable provided these are the main characteristic features of the state of nature. The equal state of vulnerability among mankind makes all of us capable of harming each other, and this leads to the increase of negative vibes and fear. Moreover, relative scarcity directs us to competition. Now competition along with the absence of moral values can lead us further to a possibility of invasion and destruction of other people. Then there is rationality which further leads to a generalized notion of fear, so we are scared of everyone as all of mankind are in same situation. In this way, everyone is dragged into the scenario of violence, and this is what Hobbes describes as a state of war with a continual likelihood of violence. Further, Hobbes tries to associate the conception of the state of nature with that of a sovereign authority. The five main qualities mentioned earlier make the state involve in no cooperation among its mankind. In Hobbes’ own words, â€Å"the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.† But as there is no law or government, the question of just or unjust does not value much here. There is no common power to enforce any kind of law, which means there are no moral laws as well. That strongly indicates that men are independent with the right to use their own power to preserve themselves. But does it mean that there is a need of a sovereign authority? The conception of a sovereign is defined in general by the quality of common or mutual agreement and understanding among a group of like-minded people. But if men have the right to use their own power, then what kind of ‘right’ will the term actually be holding? So the appropriate denotation of the term ‘right’ has to be determined. But then, the concept of ‘right’ in this context also contains the notions of ‘ought’ and

Reflaction paper of conversation partener Assignment

Reflaction paper of conversation partener - Assignment Example Rachel and Yohana are extroverts. Discussing each other’s culture and religious activities have enhanced cultural understanding and strengthened personal bond. Rachel is a Christian with a loving family. She loves to celebrate all festivals with great enthusiasm. Thanksgiving is falling this week and she is very excited as she will be meeting all her relatives and friends, especially her brother whom she misses a lot. She has told me that she loves the festive season as we get to meet lots of people and have good food and partying. She is looking forward to enjoy eating turkey, which is main dish during Thanksgiving. Rachel and I have talked about social and political issues also. She has talked about having a boyfriend at the age of 14! I was shocked because in my culture, girls are not allowed to have relationships outside the marriage but they can get married after they reach 17 years of age. She is now 21 years and plans to have career before getting married. We also agreed that war is bad and that America should not send its troop to other countries to fight. It is still recovering from the recessive economy and it should use the finances to improve its economy. Moreover, teenagers are enrolled in army and sent overseas to fight other countries dirty war. This is wrong because when they ultimately come back, they often come back as damaged person. My conversations with Yohana were different in the sense that though she is American now, her parents had originally come from Salvador where civil war had forced them to flee and come to Indiana. They presently have a farm in Amish where they are raising their children. She is Spanish and enjoys going to her farm in Amish where typical Spanish cuisines are her favorite. She loves her custom and has also adapted American traditions and lifestyle. Yohana is Seventh Day Adventist which is a religion in between of the Jewishism and Christianity. She does not eat

West Bank, Gaza and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay Example for Free

West Bank, Gaza and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been very crucial in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. After the First World War, the area was under the British Mandate of Palestine. But Jordan captured West Bank in 1948 when the Arab-Israeli War commenced. By 1967, Israel recaptured the West Bank during the Six-Day War. Yet, Jordan did not drop its claim to the area until 1988. It is interesting to note that most of the residents in the area are Arabs. But since 1967, more Israeli settlement has been added. Israel’s occupation of the West Bank area is historically important because they consider this area as historically theirs. As such, they called it Judea and Samaria. The Arabs, however, object to this terminology and claims that the Israeli just want to justify their expansionist aims. As such, the Arabs call it the occupied West Bank of the Jordan River. The establishment of Israeli settlements in the West Bank area drew the ire of Arabs during the 1970s. Only in 1978 did the Arabs’ desire for self-rule taken into consideration under the Camp David Accords. The plan however never materialized. Gaza Strip on the other hand is part of the Palestinian authorities although it has been in the hands of the Israeli military since 1967 as part of the West Bank occupation. In 1987, the Arabs started rioting in response to the curfew and increased Israeli presence at the Gaza Strip. In their view, such acts were a violation of their human rights and they could not allow it to proceed. This led to the Intifada or uprising, which led to protests and violent attacks. The Israeli military responded with force leading to deaths and property damages. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank figure prominently in the security concerns of Israel. In the first place, the occupation of Gaza Strip was tied up to the efforts of Israel to cut off the support of Lebanon to Palestinian fighters. The occupation was a means to stem the attacks against Jerusalem and serve as a watching post should there be renewed violence and fighting directed against the country, which stands as an island in a sea of Arab nations. As Israel continued to occupy the Gaza Strip and West Bank, it went through painful confrontations, peace talks—some of which succeeded, most of it failed. Yet, with the continuous assertion of Palestinians of their right to the territory and the civilian toll of the conflicts, Israel had to agree to the terms of various peace talks in withdrawing from the territory and relinquish control to Palestinians. In the year 2005, the Israeli government declared unilaterally that it has ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip. Due to the continuous dangers posed on the civilians and perhaps because of the heavy damages caused by war, the government has chosen this course of action. Still, the case of West Bank and Gaza Strip is peculiar because of the lack of sovereignty of the area prior to the occupation of Israel. Yet, with the withdrawal of Israel from the region, the country still holds control of Philadelphi Route, which is important in preventing the smuggling of materials into Egypt. The main concern of Israel remains its security and the prevention of hostilities. Reference Dowty, Alan (2001). The Jewish State: A Century Later. California: University of California Press.

Singapore Casino :: essays research papers

Casino gambling has been legalised in Singapore. Give economic arguments for and against legalisation. There has been much debate in Singapore both amongst the politicians, religious leaders, senior people in the community, and the lay people at large. It is a hot topic. But, the decision has finally been made, the casino will be built. There are many arguments both for and against building a casino. The government, which is for, cites the economic advantages and everyone who is against cites the social impact the casino will have. Arguments FOR the casino The government’s main argument for the casino is increased revenue leading to a boost in the economy. Currently, Singapore’s revenue comes from high tech electronics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals and finance. These industries are starting to slow. According to Reuters Singapore employment in the manufacturing sector has dropped 9% since 1990. In 2004, 14 per 1,000 were laid off in the manufacturing sector and 8.5 per 1,000 in the services sector. The government’s alternative has been to reverse a 4 decade ban on casino’s to help the Singapore economy. The majority of the focus in the long term is from tourism and the flow on effects of tourism such as hospitality, food, retail, taxi, conventions and aviation. The government fears that a steady decline in tourism is already happening. The Prime Minister in his ministerial statement on April 18 2005 said: â€Å"First, we are losing ground in tourism. Tourism in Asia is growing phenomenally, especially the traffic from China and India. Singapore’s tourist numbers are up too, but we see warning signs of problems ahead. Our market share is declining (from 8% in the Asia Pacific region in 1998 to 6% in 2002). Tourists are spending less time in Singapore. They used to stay an average of about 4 days in 1991, but now they stay only for 3 days. In contrast, on average, they are staying for about 4 days in Hong Kong, 5 days in London and almost a week in New York City. We are losing attractiveness as a tourist destination†. In 2004, Singapore earned US$6 billion from 8.3 million tourists. Tourism currently accounts for 3% of Singapore’s GDP, it needs to be at 7% if it is to be a real growth driver. By 2015, Singapore is aiming at 17 million tourists which alone will bring in US$18 billion. It is predicted that by 2010, Asians will spend $23 billion on gambling, and Singapore wants it share.

Moth Man

Sarah Lyon October 22, 2008 Informative speech Comm. 103 T/R 200-315 The Moth man Lives Topic: The Moth man of Point pleasant West Virginia General Purpose: To provide information on the actual Mothman occurrences In point pleasant West Virginia. Specific purpose: To inform my class to the truth behind the movie the moth man prophecies and let them hear the err tale of the hauntings that are so close to our campus. I. Thesis: The Mothman proposes is a legend about a human side bird like creature that has been linked to many deaths over the years in point pleasant west Virginia.Organizational pattern Attention grabber: Im the type of person that loves Urban legends and when from the moment that I got to Marshall’s campus I wanted to find one. And then the hunt began, I searched and I found The Moth man. Most of you are problem familiar with him from the movie the mothman prophecies. However the story doesn’t end when the final credits started to roll. II. Background: In the early 1900's, an area outside Point Pleasant was designated the McClintic Wildlife Preserve. It was, among other things, a bird sanctuary.As part of the World War II war effort, part of the preserve was ripped up and converted to a munitions dump where about 100 cement and steel â€Å"igloos† were built to house wartime explosives. These were later sold off to a variety of gunpowder, chemical and even bio-chemical companies. This area soon became known to the locals simply as the T. N. T. , and later became a popular hangout where young people would â€Å"park† and have parties. This is the area where many of the Mothman sightings occurred. III.Relevance: All of the sighting of The Mothman have been linked significantly to deaths around point plesant including the collapse of the silver bridge that killed 46. IV. Establish credibility: Now I’d like to tell you that The Mothman is just a figment of our imagination and that we live in the safe state of West Vi rginia where nothing bad ever happens, but I’d be lying to you. He has been linked to hundreds of deaths across our great state and there have been similar stories all over the world of a bird like mythical creature that brings about death. V.Thesis/preview: The Moth man prophecies are not just a subject tile for a popular thriller movie but a real life urban legend that exists here in west Virginia. He has been linked to hundreds of deaths and the great silver bridge collapsing. Transition: Even though it is hard to believe that a bird like man is responsible for killings around the entire state it is common knowledge that animals affected by strong chemicals can have strange mutations. Body I. How are the deaths linked to The Moth man? A. Prior to every death, reports of seeing a birdlike man with red eyes were sighted. . â€Å"In the summer of 1966, sightings began to take place around the Ohio River. One woman reported seeing something looking like a giant butterfly, abo ut six feet long. On another evening a group of gravediggers saw what they described as a â€Å"brown human being† fly out of the trees. Later that November a man in Salem, West Virginia saw two red objects hovering over a field. His German Sheppard took off after the objects and was never seen again. †(http://www. otherplane. com/am/ammothman. htm). 2. â€Å"It was shaped like a man, but bigger. Maybe six and a half or seven feet tall.And it had big wings folded against its back† Roger Scar berry told reporters. â€Å"But it was those eyes that got us. It had two big eyes like automobile reflectors,† added Linda Scar berry. â€Å"They were hypnotic. For a minute, we could only stare at it. I couldn’t take my eyes off it. † (http://www. ufocasebook. com/themothman. html) B. The movie, The Moth man Prophecies is a semi-fictional account of a reporter who â€Å"solved† the story of the moth man. 1. In the film the reporter finds himself entranced by the legend when his wife has mysteriously died suddenly after a car accident. 2.He gets in his car after her death and arrives by accident in Point Pleasant west Virginia. 3. He becomes friends with the locals and starts to invest the eerie phenomenon that is engulfing their quiet American town. Transition: The movie was good at explaining what happened as far as the deaths due to the mothman but did not go into great details about how The Moth man was actually created. II. The story A. during WWII an area of Point Pleasant was inhabited by â€Å"igloos† that were used to manufactory Trinitrotoluene (TNT). The â€Å"igloos† housed the TNT until it was needed to be sent for war efforts B.The Igloos were sealed and had been hidden, the EPA said that there was no way they could have leaked out any of the chemical, however many choose to believe otherwise. C. The area is now known to locals as the TNT area. It is a recreational area for locals as well as a pla ce where teenagers tend to hang out and party. Conclusion I. Restatement of thesis: Despite common held beliefs that the moth man is just a creature that haunted the town of point pleasant wv, he is actually a bird preserve inhabitant that was destroyed by the efforts of WWII.He will still haunt the town of point pleasant forever because he is linked to over one hundred deaths but as we can see, we have no concrete evidence to show this.Bibilography: â€Å"OTHERPLANE: Ancient myth paranormal mothman. † OTHERPLANE. Otherplane. com. 22 Oct. 2008 ;lt;http:/http://www. otherplane. com/am/ammothman. htm;gt;. â€Å"The mothman souce: chapter 1. † The mothman legend. Ufobooks. 22 Oct. 2008 ;lt;http:/http://www. ufocasebook. com/themothman. html;gt;.

Origin of Science and the Crusade

But when we look at the history of the world Egyptian, Greeks, Roman, Persian, Mongolia, Saracen, British, Dutch, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and any others had been the super power in different periods of the history. Yet when we talk anybody about a scientific Inventions and discoveries or major leap In the scientific development most tent to point their fingers towards the Europe if It Is before 18th century and towards the USA if it is after 1 9th century. This sort of behavior is deep down in our minds. But is this correct?If so, why the non-European nations were super power? For this I think we have to take a Journey in the history of Science from the early Egyptians. In this short article I would like to take an excursion bout the origins of science, where there the history had been littered with many manipulation and misconception. According to many in the world the science was begun by Greeks and was developed by the post renaissance Europe. As the same time all the great cu ltures like Persian, Egyptian, Chinese and Indian had no clue regarding the science.But when we look at the history of these civilizations we can understand how developed they were in the history. Egyptians were one of the early races before Greeks who were developed in the Science. They were well versed In anatomy (for art), astronomy and astrology, which ere inseparably linked in ancient Egypt, biology and veterinary medicine, chemistry, geography, geology, history, law, geometry, medicine, mineralogy, pedagogy(education), philosophy, physics, sociology and theology [1]. Irrigation scheme of Nile, tall standing pyramids and the mummies are some example of scientific feat of the Egyptians.Geometry was applied in the Egypt for tax purposes before the so called Euclid of Greece wrote the book of The Elements. Here comes another manipulation of History again in the form of Euclid. Many text books refer Euclid was a white male eventually from Greece and ivied in Alexandria around three century B. C. But no such person was alive on this mother earth. The author of this book is a black woman from Alexandria who lived around fifth century C. E. [2] From these arguments we can assure that the Greek were not the first one to begin the Science.Now let's consider the development of Science. If we consider the manipulated version of the science history, we get a wide blank span of time from the Greek civilization to the renaissance Europe. Where were the text and the sources of these scientific theorems and formulae? Were they 2 Origin of Science and the crusades I Mohamed Gammy Shifter_209110164 buried in the Mount Olympus? No. They were translated taken into custody by another civilization which have contributed to the many of the scientific development and not credited to it.Yes it was taken into the custody by Islamic Civilization. They hold these texts of Greek until the crusades [2]. The west claims that the Muslim merely translated the works of Greek and preserved it. They never did develop the ideas in the text. This argument is absurd. The Muslims practically ruled from the shore Atlantic Ocean to the boarders of China. And they Just preserved these texts which cost a fortune with the papyrus technology. Many books from Baghdad Library were destroyed by the invasion of Mongols over Jeremiah on 13th century C. E.But the contributions of All Bin Sins (Vicuà ±a) – whose â€Å"The Book of Healing† was text book for medicine in many medieval universities[3], Legalize Bin al Haitian, Jabber bin Hays, AAA Affair, Muhammad bin Carrying al Razz, Bin al-Naifs were inevitable in the scientific history. All bin Shall Arabian al-Tabor was an Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist of Zoroastrian descent, who produced one of the first encyclopedias of medicine. Even the number system we used today was introduced systems Let's have brief a look on the other civilizations which contributed to the science.Like the crest on the peacocks h ead, like the gem in the cobra's hood, so stands mathematics Oat the head of all the sciences. Vided literature of Indian Culture is replete with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibniz and Newton. Algebraic theories was developed by Rapacity who lived in 5th century C. E. ND another mathematician Backbencher's was the first to was the first to conceive of differential calculus in 12th century. Most of us are familiar with Roman numerals.Think you are sitting in a class doing Calculus using Roman numerals. You are going to write 1788 in Roman numerals it will be ANTICLIMACTIC. You even can't think of doing calculus by using this number system. From this we can conclude that calculus was not developed or used in early Europe. Ancient Indian's development in chemistry was also in a higher level and used in a variety of practical activities. In any early civilization, m etallurgy has remained an activity central to all civilizations from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, to all other civilizations that followed Indian achieved the higher level of metallurgy.By the side of Stub Minor in New Delhi, there is an iron pillar erected during Array Guppy period around 500 AD. This pillar is 7. 32 meters tall, and has a circumference of 40 CM in the bottom and 30 CM at the top. It has been standing in the open for last 1500 years, withstanding the wind, heat and weather, but still has not rusted, except minor natural erosion. This kind of rust proof iron (steel) was discovered very few decades fore by mixing carbon with iron [4]. 3 In addition, the Chinese Dynasty in the Far East was producing gunpowder, paper and establishing printing presses.Moreover, the Calendar system was introduced by Amman civilization that is very famous for predicting apocalypse of the earth. From the above arguments, one can conclude that science was not only originated from Greece and it originated universally. Then how did the story â€Å"Science was originated in Greece† came into play? Moreover, where was it originated? These questions can be answered in two simple words â€Å"Church† and â€Å"Power†. From the time hen the state and the church merge, Church initiated the program of distorting history to promote its power.This technology of falsehood was now applied to â€Å"manage† common perceptions[5]. During the crusades, church captured many text and tent to use them. But theological aspects would not allow them to use a Muslim knowledge. Therefore, they manipulated their people by saying that the knowledge Arab had was belonged to Greeks. Arabs Just preserved it. This story enabled the universities in Europe to use translated Arabic books without contradicting their theology. But on the Arabs side, it was a different story.They built Batty al Hickman (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad; they gathered knowledge from all over the world, including India, Persia and China. They certainly did not restrict themselves to Greek Arabs only had sources to Greeks. So all the knowledge which was acquired from Batty al Hickman in Baghdad became the Greeks, So did all the scientific inventions and discoveries. This theory is being promoted by many scholars of the present too. Here is an example from Lost in the Cosmos by Walker Percy â€Å". .As Whitehead pointed out, it is no coincidence that science sprang, not from Ionian metaphysics, not from theBrahmins-Buddhist-Taoist East, not from the Exceptionally astrological South, but from the heart of the Christian West, that although Galileo fell out with the Church, he would hardly have taken so much trouble studying Jupiter and dropping objects from towers if the reality and value and order of things had not first been conferred by belief in the Incarnation. † [6]. So anyone from any country has the right to say that their ancestors were also one of the pioneers o f the science. It is time stand up against the â€Å"West only theory'. The Europeans not only colonized our countries but also our education system.They left our countries long ago. Now it is time to decolonize our education system. And the way we think. 4 References [1]Dunn. Ancient Egyptian Science retrieved from http://www. Torturers. Net/ featureless/sciences . HTML [2] Raja, C. K. Euclid and Jesus. Multiversity. [3] http://www. Evangelicalism. Org/ [4] Science, Medicine, Technology in Ancient India retrieved from http:// www. Crystalline. Com/indecencies. HTML [5] Raja, C. K. Is science western in origin?. Multiversity. [6] Percy, W. Lost in the Cosmos retrieved from http://www. Columbia. Deed/cue/Augustine/a/science_origin. HTML 5

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament

The Role and Duties of Canadian Members of Parliament Beginning with the October 2015 federal election, there will be 338 members of parliament in the Canadian House of Commons. They are elected in a general election, which is usually called every four or five years, or in a by-election when a seat in the House of Commons becomes empty due to resignation or death. Representing Constituents in Parliament Members of parliament represent the regional and local concerns of the constituents in their ridings (also called electoral districts) in the House of Commons. Members of parliament solve problems for constituents on a wide variety of federal government matters - from checking on individual problems with federal government departments to providing information on federal government programs and policies. Members of parliament also maintain a high profile in their ridings and take part in local events and official functions there. Making Laws While it is public servants and cabinet ministers who have direct responsibility for drafting new legislation, members of parliament can influence legislation through debates in the House of Commons and during all-party committee meetings to examine legislation. Even though members of parliament are expected to toe the party line, both substantive and fine-tuning amendments to legislation are often made at committee stage. Votes on legislation in the House of Commons are usually a formality following party lines but can be of significant strategic importance during a minority government. Members of parliament can also introduce legislation of their own, called private members bills, however it is rare that a private members bill passes. Watchdogs on Government Canadian members of parliament can influence federal government policy by participating in House of Commons committees which review federal government department activities and spending, as well as legislation. Government members of parliament also raise policy issues in caucus meetings of members of parliament of their own party and can lobby cabinet ministers. Members of parliament in opposition parties use the daily Question Period in the House of Commons to raise issues of concern and bring them to the attention of the public. Party Supporters A member of parliament usually supports a political party and plays a role in the operation of the party. A few members of parliament may sit as independents and do not have party responsibilities. Offices Members of parliament maintain two offices with corresponding staff - one on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and one in the constituency. Cabinet ministers also maintain an office and staff in the departments for which they are responsible.

A Guide to Installing Microsoft Access 2010

A Guide to Installing Microsoft Access 2010 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access 2010 is still a popular database software in use today. Access 2010 introduced a version of the ACCDB file format that supported SharePoint, which allowed support for the Mac through a browser for the first time. New in Access 2010 was the Backstage view through which you can access all the commands for an entire database. The ribbon and navigation pane, which was introduced in Access 2007, is in Access 2010.   Benefits of Access 2010 Enhanced securityImproved spell checkerSharePoint supportNew user interfaceImproved data presentation How to Install Access 2010 The Access installation process is straightforward. Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 500 MHz or faster processor with 256MB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up to date. Youll need Windows XP SP3 or later to run Access 2010. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing Access.Insert the Office CD into your CD-ROM drive. The installation process begins automatically and asks you to wait while the system prepares the Installation Wizard.The next step of the process prompts you to enter your product key and accept the terms of the license agreement.If youd like to install the entire Office suite or youre using an Access-only CD, you can choose Install Now on the next screen. If you want to customize your installation, click Customize instead.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so. After you install Access 2010, visit the Microsoft website for video tutorials on the software.

Enterprise Resource Planning- Business Process Reengineering Essay

Enterprise Resource Planning- Business Process Reengineering - Essay Example Organizational goals and the ability to meet them are vital and can be made possible only when the collective force of the employees are aligned to the goals of the organization. Businesses have found that the key to successfully completing and accomplishing projects is often through the development of teams. No employee functions by himself. Teams are an imperative part of an organization and therefore teamwork on part of the workforce becomes essential. Teamwork has become an essential element for the success and survival of a business. The team manager is often entrusted with the responsibility of delivering results on behalf of the team and it is therefore no surprise that organisation look for teamwork as an important skill when recruiting MBA's. A productive team has players that share common goals, a common vision and have some level of interdependence that requires both verbal and physical interaction. They may come together for a number of different reasons, to achieve a sales target, to formulate a marketing campaign or brainstorm ideas for a new product etc. Their goals are united by the single cause of achieving the optimum performance and experience success. The destination may vary, but the means by which one gets there is the same - teamwork. Teamwork makes every individual accountable for the result. ... yles come together, their point of view of a particular issue is varied, making it more interesting and encompassing and gives a wider and deeper perspective to the issue at hand. It entails better decision making amongst the group. While teamwork promotes the ability to respect another person's opinion, it also builds the capability to counter it constructively when it may not be exactly compatible with the rest of the team. True collaboration, however, is more difficult to achieve. This is because although the team performs exceedingly well, there will always be certain members of the team who portray themselves as major contributors to get a greater share of the credit. Each individual is swayed by the fact that in real life, individuality is rewarded more often than team participation. All appraisals and raises are tailored more towards individual performances rather than teams. Hence, this sets up a competitive streak in the employees. It must be accepted that some competition among employees is helpful because it keeps workers interested in their jobs. It also motivates them to work a little bit harder than their coworkers, and induces their performance towards excelling. It is not without troubles when it reaches severely elevated levels. It is often hard to sit back and watch someone else take the credit. When a job or promotion is at stake, competition may reach unacceptable levels in the workplace. With the highly competitive culture being prevalent in the current day scenario, employees are often moved into the competing mode naturally. Competitiveness among employees largely is promoted by the organization culture. Managers may pitch employees against each other and challenge their coworkers just to get that extra work out of them. Showing employee

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AS A DESIGN TOOL Essay

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AS A DESIGN TOOL - Essay Example of the â€Å"command and control† approach which is based on a state-centred perception and environmental protection is thus of a top-down management scheme (Watson, 2003). For example, government regulatory bodies establish a set of environmental standards which polluting industries must conform to; failure to comply with the said standards result to prosecution. While it is indeed necessary, such regulations are drawn back by several limitation, typical of which are the oftentimes insufficient resources – both human and financial – of the implementing bodies resulting to the reported inefficiency of the said practice. As well as that, state-centred visions do not foresee the complexity of issues on the ground and the top-down management scheme usually fails to address the environmental concerns of the public. Environmental impact assessment was seen to be the answer to the limitations of the â€Å"command and control† approach of traditional regulations. According to the Environmental Impact Assessment: a Guide to Procedures provided by the Department for Communities and Local Government (2006), EIA â€Å"describes a procedure that must be followed for certain types of project before they can be given development consent. The procedure is a means of drawing together, in a systematic way, an assessment of a projects likely significant environmental effects†. Given this definition, EIAs are envisaged to give weight to environmental considerations during the decision-making process along with economic and social factors. The objectives of EIA are divided into short term and long term categories (Abaza et al, 2007). In the short term, the goal of EIA is to identify potentially significant environmental impacts of development projects in order to provide sufficient information to facilitate decision-making process. In the long term, the ultimate goal of EIA is to ensure that ecological functions are maintained for the benefit of present and future local